Blackbody radiation.

Any object has the ability to radiate, absorb, reflect electromagnetic wave radiation, and this ability is related to the characteristics of the object itself and the temperature.

In the elemental system, heat spells have always been a type that mages are keen to study, and to study this piece of spells, we have to mention the black body.

A blackbody is an ideal model that refers to the ability to completely absorb extraneous radiation without any reflection, while at the same time completely converting it into thermal radiation, whose spectral characteristics are independent of the material, but only by temperature.

In the metallurgical and lighting industries, due to the need to study the relationship between the intensity and frequency of blackbody radiation, mages began to study blackbody radiation.

At first, according to the theory of the classical elemental system, it was thought that its intensity should be linearly related to frequency, but this is not the case with the results of the black iron radiation experiments conducted by the mages.

Later, after a series of explorations, the mages concluded a law of thermal radiation displacement, that is, at a certain temperature, the product of the temperature of the black body and the wavelength of the maximum radiation value is a constant, but it did not take long for people to find that this law only holds in the region with a shorter wavelength, and fails in the field of longer wavelengths, that is, in the low-frequency domain.

Then, the Oaklandt-Davy law, derived from the energy equalization theorem, is proposed, which states that the total energy radiated per unit area of the surface of a blackbody per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the blackbody itself.

Due to the high-frequency field, the spectrum is closer to purple, so the legendary mage Karl . David also referred to it as the "ultraviolet cataclysm."

Ludwig. In the past two years, Stein has been working to solve the problem of blackbody radiation.

"Teacher, did you solve this problem?"

Euler immediately leaned in and opened the stack of materials.

This is Stein's manuscript, which is almost always formulas and derivation processes, except for some suggestive explanatory texts, and is more like an answer paper than a thesis.

The three students had only just taken a few glances and were immediately intrigued.

"Wait, how can this be explained here......"

“...... It's strange that such a method would be used to ......"

"Oh my God, what do I see, Quantum? Energy...... Not continuous? ”

The paper subverted the perception of the three of them, and when they finished reading it, they did not rush to discuss the conclusions of the paper, but fell into a long silence.

Because the ideas contained in this calculation are too advanced.

Lord Stein proposed the concept of energy quantization, the center of the radiation of an object is a linear harmonic oscillator, and the radiation is actually the process of exchanging energy between the harmonic oscillator and the surrounding electromagnetic field, and the energy carried by each harmonic oscillator is not continuous, but has specific discrete values, and these values are integer multiples of a minimum value.

To illustrate it with a simple formula, that is, E=nhv, where v is the frequency of vibration, n is the magnification, and h, His Excellency Stein calculated that its value is a constant, according to convention, he named it Stein's constant.

The distribution curve of energy radiation density and frequency derived from this formula is in full agreement with the experimental results of blackbody radiation, which means that the problem of blackbody radiation can be perfectly solved by relying on this formula.

But the premise is that the quantum assumption is correct.

In people's eyes, the world is continuous, whether it is a line, a piece of paper, or flowing water, mountains, or even time, these are continuous, and the metrics given by people can be infinitely subdivided, and they will definitely not appear when they are subdivided to a certain extent, and there will be irretrievable fractures.

However, in Stein's hypothesis, energy is made up of discontinuous values, and when the temperature rises, the energy does not increase linearly, but after reaching a threshold, it jumps directly to the next order of energy, with no transition in between.

This is counterintuitive.

However, the explanation of the black-body radiation problem deduced under the quantum hypothesis is so concise and elegant that it is irresistible.

Ola felt like he had been hit in the head with a heavy hammer, and he couldn't think of anything else, even Miss Wendy's scarf downstairs had lost its color.

The other two were in a similar situation, especially Robinson, who was originally a proponent of the wave theory of light, but now, Stein's quantum theory says that energy is not continuous, but discontinuous points, does this mean that the light carrying energy is not a continuous wave, but a separate particle?

"This is only a hypothesis, based purely on mathematical inference, but it can be seen that from the quantum hypothesis, we can get conclusions that are completely consistent with the experimental data, and at the same time, this formula can also be similar to the law of thermal radiation displacement and the Oakland-Davy law in the field of high and low frequencies. In Ian Gray's words, the more concise and elegant the conclusion, the more likely it is to be the real truth. ”

His Excellency Stein said that when he was calculating this series of theories, he clearly felt the agitation from the world, but because this was only an inference on paper, and was not supported by experimental data for quantum, he naturally could not produce feedback from the world, but his intuition told Stein that his conjecture was correct.

Once he thought of the quantum hypothesis, Stein felt that the door to a new world had been opened, and he felt that this hypothesis could be a powerful building block for mages to explore the world further, so he couldn't wait to pick up the manuscript and share it with his students.

"I'll go back today and compile the calculation process into a paper, and tomorrow I'll submit it to the High Council for consideration!"

Stein put away the manuscript and turned to say.

As a high-level mage, his paper does not need to go through the usual review process, but is directly submitted to the high-level council for review by other high-level mages and even legendary mages, and the review process is likely to last for half a month.

Watching the teacher leave, the three people who were stunned came back to their senses a little.

What shocked them was not only their teacher's paper, but also the thinking contained in it.

Euler thought to himself that even if he was given a hundred years, he would not have thought of it, let alone assume that energy was discontinuous, but his own teacher was so sure.

He thought again, that young Reiner. Ian Gray has reached the level of talking and laughing with high-level mages, and the distance between himself and the other party is much greater than he imagined.

Thinking of this, Ora's heart was shrouded in dark clouds again.