The photoelectric effect, referring to Ludwig. A peculiar and interesting phenomenon discovered by His Excellency Stein a few years ago, when light hits a sheet of metal, a fine electric current is generated on the sheet, and in the first explanation, the mages believed that light has energy, and this energy is transferred to the sheet metal through irradiation, which leads to the generation of electric current.

However, Stein found in his experiments that the current generated by light hitting a sheet of metal does not change with the change of light intensity, which is contrary to the wave theory of light, because as we all know, if light is a wave, then the stronger the light intensity, the more energy it has, which will lead to a stronger current, but the experimental phenomenon is contrary to it.

At the same time, according to the wave theory of light, if the intensity of incident light is weak, then it will take longer to accumulate enough energy to fly out of the metal surface, but the actual situation is that as long as the light can produce current, then no matter how strong or weak, the current will be generated immediately, which is again a contradiction with the wave theory of light.

His Excellency Stein used different kinds of light to irradiate metal sheets and found that different kinds of light caused different currents to be of different intensity, so he explained that light is made of particles, and different kinds of light are made of different particles, which carry different energies and therefore produce different currents.

As a result, His Excellency Stein became a staunch supporter of the theory of the particles of light, and the controversy about the nature of light continues to this day without conclusiveness.

Reiner is going to repeat the experiment today.

It's just that with the memory of the earth, he naturally has some direction.

In the laboratory, Reiner set up the experimental equipment in advance, the most important of which was several photogenerating arrays.

These light generation circles are capable of generating a range of color-stable light, and are usually used as stage effects, and are rarely used for magic experiments.

Reiner had examined these photogenerating arrays, which were actually capable of producing light at a steady frequency, which Reiner had set up in a darkroom to use as a light source for photoelectric experiments.

There are also several types of metal flakes that can be used as control experiments.

The whole experiment is carried out in a vacuum chamber, in which the specially treated metal sheet will not be oxidized to cause current error, and at the same time, in addition to the metal sheet, there is a thin plate with a variable voltage, the electrons will move between the two thin plates, by applying voltage to it, the electrons emitted by the photoelectric effect can be decelerated from the beginning, if the electrons arrive at the thin plate, the velocity is exactly zero, then according to the Newington-Holland equation, The energy carried by the electron when it is injected is calculated from the applied voltage.

This voltage Reiner calls it a restraining voltage.

By studying the frequency of irradiated light and the energy at which electrons are generated, it is possible to try to establish a set of curves that can be used to test Mr. Stein's theory of energy discontinuity.

Reiner manipulated the experiments with the mage's hand, recording the data as he conducted several sets of controlled experiments on different metal sheets and the same light, and different lights and the same material, and only after a morning had he completed about a quarter of the experiment.

After a casual lunch in the cafeteria, Reiner returned to the lab and continued until late at night, when he finally finished measuring all the experimental data.

After hastily sorting out the experimental records, Reiner returned to the office, it was already midnight, and the next day was a rest day, and the lights in the student dormitory were not turned off, and a few rays of light could still be seen.

The dimly lit campus was silent, and Reiner sat at his desk, sheets of paper recording the experimental data floating up, allowing Reiner to quickly calculate.

According to Stein's theory of blackbody radiation, the energy of a quantum is discontinuous, and its value is an integer multiple of the product of Stein's constant and the frequency of quantum vibrations.

At the same time, the voltage applied on the thin plate that causes the velocity of the injected electrons to become zero and the calculated energy are compared with the results of the Stein formula to make a curve to verify the value of the Stein constant.

Reiner selects six different frequencies of light, measures their photocurrents at different voltages, and then plots a curve between voltage and photocurrent, and then obtains the stopping voltage of the measured metal sheet under a certain frequency of light irradiation.

So, six frequencies correspond to six different stopping voltages, and once again use this as a coordinate to make an image, which is exactly a beautiful straight line!

This means that the energy of the light quantum is linearly related to the frequency of the light, and by calculating the slope of the straight line, the value of the Stein constant can be obtained very accurately.

This means that the energy carried by the light quanta is indeed not continuous, but discrete.

His Excellency Stein's theory of energy discontinuity has been proven!

Reiner felt a throbbing in his heart, a sign of the world's feedback, but instead of rushing into a meditative state, he continued to write.

"Light is made up of light quanta, and the energy of each quantum that makes up the beam is equal to the vibrational frequency of the light quantum multiplied by the Stein constant, if the frequency of the light quantum is greater than a certain limit frequency, then the light quantum has enough energy to make an electron escape, causing the photoelectric effect."

"This is the principle explanation of the photoelectric effect, from which it can be seen that in the photoelectric effect, light exhibits obvious particle-like properties."

"Light is also a particle."

Putting the pen down, Reiner took a deep breath.

Buzz –

In an instant, Reiner felt a raging tide rush towards him.

He seemed to be standing on the cliff of the sea, and the boundless ocean in front of him set off a monstrous wave.

In the cloudy sky, thunder and lightning meander like a long snake, and in the blink of an eye, it is lit up and extinguished thousands of times.

In the face of this storm, Reiner closed his eyes slightly, and stepped forward, stepping out into the void.

He did not fall into the sea, but stood firmly in mid-air, the stormy waves around him trying to destroy him, thundering and falling, trying to knock him down.

But Reiner was not overwhelmed by these dangers, and slowly opened his eyes.

Buzz –

Taking this as an opportunity, a ripple spreads out, and everywhere the ripple goes, everything quiets down.

In the hazy sky, a beam of light fell.

The light shone on Reiner, warm and dazzling, and a trace of thunder appeared beside Reiner.

The thunder grew stronger and turned into a giant dragon that circled around Reiner.

Raising his hand, the thunder suddenly fell silent, and at the same time, the world in Reiner's vision began to change.