"Singularity?" Chen Lili looked at the words on the blackboard and read them out strangely.

"Have you ever heard of the word singularity? If you haven't heard of it, then you should have heard of Singularity, right? The handsome teacher asked with a smile.

"The Big Bang?" The boy in the back of the room shouted.

"Yes, the Big Bang was a singularity before it, and although it is still in the theoretical stage, and it is said that some scientists have begun to disprove this theory, but at present, the Big Bang is still the mainstream theoretical view of the theory of the origin of the universe, and the singularity is that before the birth of the universe, the singularity is the singular point that can exist but cannot be understood.

In fact, in the evolution process of the universe, there are many singularities, as long as they are consistent with the points that can exist in theory, but cannot be described and understood in practice, they can be called singularities. The handsome teacher continued.

The students in the classroom were confused, it was obviously a C++ class, how did it become a physics class?

However, the girls in the class don't seem to mind, no matter what the handsome teacher says, they love to listen, anyway, looking at the handsome teacher, they feel that there will be a happy enjoyment, especially when the handsome teacher smiles at you, or in a class, when he sweeps his eyes over you countless times, the sense of happiness is even stronger.

"In fact, the birth of the earliest stars, the earliest galaxies, the earliest white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and quasars all belong to singularities, because, before they were born, these things did not exist in the world, and the reasons for their generation cannot be understood, so they are collectively called singularities." The handsome teacher continued to preach with a smile.

"Teacher, I'm against it!" At this time, Du Ziteng suddenly raised his hand and shouted.

The handsome teacher and the eyes of the whole class looked at it together, and Ji Ran also looked at Du Ziteng strangely, I don't know what the hell this guy is doing?

It's too much to interrupt the handsome teacher's lecture...

The handsome teacher nodded with a smile, and Du Ziteng immediately stood up.

"Teacher, white dwarfs and neutron stars are formed by the collapse of the stars due to their own gravity being too strong after the death of the stars, if the mass of the star is less than eight times the mass of the sun, it will form a white dwarf, if the mass of the star is between eight times the mass of the sun and ten times the mass of the sun, it will form a neutron star, and if the mass of the star exceeds ten times the mass of the sun, it will form a black hole. Du Ziteng said a lot in one breath, making the whole class stupid.

The handsome teacher obviously didn't expect Du Ziteng to be an astrophysics enthusiast, so he nodded with a smile, "This classmate said very well, indeed, after the death of a star, it will naturally collapse into three forms: white dwarf, neutron star and black hole, this can be understood, but the concept of singularity is that its generation cannot be understood."

That is, why do stars that are less than eight times the mass of the Sun collapse into white dwarfs when they die?

Why doesn't it collapse into a neutron star when it's less than eight times the mass? Or quasars? Or is it directly converted into energy?

In other words, why is the rule of star collapse the way we understand it today? ”

The handsome teacher looked at Du Ziteng and asked, and after Du Ziteng listened, he was also dumbfounded, this question?

Doesn't seem like anyone can answer at the undergraduate level?

Even Xiao Ranzi, who has both beauty and wisdom, and has the same figure and temperament, has not come up with an answer after thinking about it for a long time.

"You may be seated." The handsome teacher smiled and asked Du Ziteng to sit down, and then said: "The strangeness of the singularity is, why are the rules like this?" By extension, no one knows what the consequences will be after a singularity event before the singularity event occurs.

For example, when the first star dies, what happens?

This is incomprehensible, because it is the first star, and we cannot predict the relationship between its mass and the collapsed form after its death, so it cannot be understood.

Similarly, in the history of the evolution of the earth, there are also countless singularities, for example, the birth of every life is a singularity, to take one of the most familiar examples, take us human beings, the birth of our human beings, is a singularity.

Imagine that our ancestors were the first forest apes that lived in the forest, and most of them lived in trees, but no one could have imagined that there would be a forest ape that would begin to walk out of the forest into tidal flats and swamps in the millions of years that followed, and Ahuizotl eventually evolved into humans who could use tools and walk upright.

It's all incomprehensible, just like if you see a group of orangutans in the forest right now, and if you were told that in millions of years, some of them will evolve into a higher civilization population, you would feel incomprehensible.

Of course, in the evolution of human beings, the first use of tools, the first upright walking, the first use of tools, and the first use of fire, these are all singularities, and singularities are those that have not happened before and cannot be predicted after that. ”

The handsome teacher was spitting on the podium, but Chen Lili suddenly felt a little bored, for a girl, it doesn't matter if he has any singularities or not, existence is reasonable, and what does not exist has long been eliminated by nature, and the rest is of course reasonable, and what to do with a singularity?

However, Ji Ran thought it was so interesting, but he listened to it with relish.

"The reason why I tell you about the concept of singularity is because this concept is extremely important, which is very important in foreign countries, especially in some institutions of higher learning, it will give you a higher vision, so that you can stand on a higher level to better understand the present and the near future.

Next, I will give you an icon to give you an intuitive feeling of the development and distribution of singularities in human history, as well as the prediction of the future. The handsome teacher said, turned around and quickly drew a flat coordinate map on the blackboard.

The X-axis is the evolutionary timeline of human beings, from the forest apes 10 million years ago, and then all the way to the future 2050 years, during which several singularities are marked, such as 6 million years ago, Australopithecus appeared, 2.5 million years ago, Homo sapiens, 2 million years ago, Homo sapiens began to use tools, entered the Paleolithic Age, 200,000 years ago, there were humans who walked upright, and 70,000 years ago, humans learned to use fire for the first time.

40,000 years ago, late Homo sapiens who could make stone tools appeared, agriculture 10,000 years ago, and civilization 6,000 years ago......

Then the farther to the right, the higher the frequency of scientific singularities, especially in modern times, the singularities have almost shown explosive growth, such as the invention and improvement of the steam engine, the birth of the industrial age, the discovery and exploitation of petroleum energy, and then the invention of the airplane, the advent of the electrical age, the birth of the first computer, the birth of smart phones, the frequency of singularities is getting faster and faster with the development of human history, and in 2050, according to the trend of the coordinate curve, There will be more unexpected singularity events...

Moreover, the number of singularities from 2000-2050 will exceed the number of all human singularities from 10 million years ago to 2000 AD combined...

[PS: The Y-axis is the number of times the singularity occurs in time every 100 years]