Everything in Chang'an City is very attractive to Jiang Duyun.

Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang dynasties was built in the second year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, and was gradually built through the Sui and Tang dynasties, reflecting the grandeur of the Great Unification Dynasty. In order to reflect the desire to unify the world and achieve long-term peace and stability, the city embraces the idea of the unity of nature and man in the planning process.

It has always been the largest capital city built by mankind and is well-deserved as the "first city in the world".

The moon at the head of Chang'an City has a little sadness and a little vicissitudes in the poems and texts of the past dynasties, which is rubbed into too much historical smoke and sorrow. With the artistic conception of "the grass under the wall is like smoke, and the moon at the head of the city is like a string", the cold tone of the first month of Chang'an City was precipitated into the history of the Tang Dynasty for thousands of years.

Jiang Duyun walked in Chang'an City, took his mother with him, and looked at the scenery here.

There are 1808 squares in Chang'an City, and there are earthen walls outside each square, and the height is different, depending on who lives inside. Since each square has a fence, commercial real estate such as street shops is only available in the square. Walking on the main road in the city can only highlight one road wide and there are many people. There are doors on all sides of the wall, which are opened at sunrise and closed at sunset. There is a night ban in the city, the main street outside the square is not allowed to wander at night, there are officers and soldiers patrolling, and those who cross the road with a black light are only on official duty. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the whole city lifted the ban and celebrated, and finally you can hang the lanterns in the workshop.

The outermost big city of Chang'an City is called Waiguo City. The palace city is built on the north side of the city wall, and the imperial city is built on the south side of the palace city, also known as the south city. The palace city and the imperial city are located in the north of the center, and are surrounded by the outer Guo city on three sides. In the city, the temple of the government office was concentrated, and the imperial city and the palace city were separated by horizontal streets.

The most prosperous square is in the area between the east and west cities of the imperial city, and the area between the Taiji Palace, the imperial city, the Daming Palace, and the Xingqing Palace.

The more desolate Chang'an is to the south, the more desolate it is, the so-called million people, in fact, it is not enough to fill so many markets, and some of the southernmost squares are sparsely populated, and there are fields, which are ideal places for all kinds of strange stories to happen;

The fang, which is close to the east and west city walls, also has relatively few residents. Many of them are occupied by temples and Taoist temples, and the most famous fang, in addition to the east and west markets, is Pingkangfang. Pingkangfang, close to Dongshi in the east and the imperial city in the northwest corner, is a famous red light district, and is also a gathering area for offices in Beijing.

When night falls, looking down at the one hundred and eight squares of Chang'an, the most brilliant and full of people's voices is this square. In the evening, after the street drum was beaten 800 times, the door of the workshop was closed, and those who did not enter the workshop on the street were arrested and charged with night fasting. In the Tang legend, the people who were in a hurry, after the drum stopped, had not yet entered the workshop, so they had to hide in the drainage ditches on both sides of the road to hide.

"The six streets are full of pedestrians, and there is a moon in the vast sky of Jiuqu"

Every morning, after 3,000 drums, the door opens. It is seriously suspected that the people of Chang'an will not be able to sleep lazily, because the morning drum time is very early, less than four o'clock in summer and just after four o'clock in winter. In a year, there is only Shangyuan Night, there is no curfew, and the later Datang goes, the more lax the curfew becomes. The curfew provides a very good backdrop for all kinds of legends.

The imperial city of Miyagi in the north, and the fang in the central and southern parts are mansions and residences. There is a large area to the south that is uninhabited. Funeral areas and vegetable patches. The pattern of the square is:

The four walls are surrounded by one gate except for the north side, except for the temple. Except for the residence of the minister, the square wall is not allowed to open the door without permission. There are different streets running through the square. The doors are opened and closed regularly, and there is very little private economic activity in the visit. And each square has a high platform for surveillance. The color of this system, the traditional defense function of settlements, has not faded. The control of the individual's life is extremely strict.

Wai Guo Cheng is a large rectangle with a wide area, and it completely adopts a checkerboard symmetrical layout. There are 14 streets in the east and west, and 11 streets in the north and south, dividing the whole city into alleys of different sizes. Suzaku Street is the central axis and main road of the whole city, and it divides the whole city into two halves.

The eastern and western halves of the city each have five north-south streets, forming a symmetrical pattern of streets. According to actual measurements, the widest of these 11 streets is Suzaku Street, which is about 200 meters. It is also the widest street in the city.

It is not difficult to see from the measured results that although the width of the five north and south streets west of Suzaku Street is slightly narrower than that of the five streets to the east, it should be admitted that the east-west symmetry pattern is basically maintained after omitting the errors in construction and the influence of topography.

On the other hand, when the early Sui Dynasty designed Daxing City, three gates were opened in the east, west, south and north, and the streets in the north and south of the city. The three streets leading to the southern gate were wider. The width of Qixiamen Street and Anhuamen Street is roughly the same. The Shuncheng Street on all sides of the inner side of the outer Guo city wall is narrow, roughly about 20 meters. This design not only maintains the characteristics of the symmetrical layout of the east and west, but also meets the needs of urban transportation.

The fourteen streets in the east-west direction are also laid out in the same way, and the streets leading to the east and west city gates are relatively wide, among which the horizontal streets in the south of the imperial city lead directly to the Chunming Gate and the Jinguang Gate, which are up to 100 meters wide. These streets crisscross the city and are neatly arranged, dividing the residential areas into alleys of varying sizes.

The width of the street varies, and the alleys that line the streets on both sides of the street are also of different sizes. The bays on both sides of Miyagi are roughly 900 meters wide from east to west and 600 meters long from north to south. The alleys on both sides of the imperial city are roughly 900 meters wide from east to west and 800 meters long from north to south.

The whole city is centered on Miyagi, Imperial City, and Suzakumen Street, and the east and west sides of the square are not only symmetrical, but also neatly arranged. Bai Juyi once wrote a poem describing "hundreds of thousands of homes are like a game of Go, and the twelfth street is like a vegetable garden", which is very appropriate.

Tang Chang'an City inherited and developed the system of dividing the residential areas of the capital city according to the square in the previous generation, and placed the squares in the outer Guo City as the distribution area of the capital's millions of people's residences, which had a strict and neat layout and structure, like a square-shaped residential community.

The "Fangli" in Chang'an City is divided by the east-west 14 avenues and 11 north-south avenues in the outer Guo City, when Emperor Wen of Sui first built Daxing City, this chessboard grid area was named "Fang", and Emperor Yang changed its name to "Li", and it was also called "Fang" in the Tang Dynasty.

Therefore, in poems, it is common to see the use of "li" and "fang" together.

However, it was almost a long time with this separation, that is, Gaozong and Wuhou returned from Dongfeng, and the prince grew up, "it is in the east of Anguo Temple attached to the garden city, which is also a big mansion, and the courtyard is divided into residences, called the Ten Princes' Mansion, and the officials are charged to it." That's the after

The Sixteen Princes' Mansion is located on the East Fifth Street of Suzaku Street, that is, the first square from north to south of the Third Street of the East of the Imperial City. This square has no name, "as much as a square of land to build into the garden".

The periphery of the square is surrounded by tall walls, and the thickness of the wall foundation of the square wall is generally two meters to three meters, all of which are built of rammed earth slabs. In general, there are east, west, north and south cross streets in each square, and one door is opened on each side. Only the 36 squares in the south of the imperial city only open up the east and west streets and the east and west gates, and do not open the north and south streets and the north and south gates.

In fact, the area of the 36th square in the south of Chang'an City is relatively small, and the resident population is also small, so only the east and west streets can meet the needs, and there is no need to open the north and south streets. The width of these lanes is generally more than two meters. According to the Tang people's customary name, the four corners of the square use the names of the southeast corner, southwest corner, northeast corner, and northwest corner. For the parts close to the east, west, south and north four square gates, it is called the south of a certain gate, the east of a certain gate, the west of a certain gate, and the north of a certain gate. The area near the intersection of the center of the cross street in the square is called "north of cross street east", "south of cross street east", "north of cross street west", and "south of cross street west".

Schematic diagram of the relationship between Chang'an City, Longshou Yuan, Liupo and Qiankun The construction of the capital is a major event of the country, the so-called "the foundation of the Dingding is eternal, and the infinite industry is in Si", which is related to the consolidation and development of the country, and is affected by the multiple influences of politics, economy, military and culture, and also affects the development of the capital in many aspects.

Therefore, there must always be some principles and methods in the layout of buildings, especially in ancient China, spiritual beliefs occupy a very important position in people's daily life, and pursue the ideal realm of heaven and man induction and the unity of heaven and man. The layout of cities is often given some symbolic meaning, and the planning and layout of the Sui and Tang capitals still cannot escape this trap. Judging from the layout of the capital, the so-called "building a state and setting up a capital, must be a mystery" Xiangtian thought has been given greater play and elaboration here.

The palace city, the imperial city, and the outside are arranged in parallel, and the palace city symbolizes the North Star, thinking that it is in the sky; The Hundred Officials of the Imperial City symbolizes the purple wall that surrounds Beichen. Wai Guo Castle symbolizes the stars arching to the north. Therefore, the Tang people have a poem "The founding of the country is the east well, and the city rises from the north star", which is talking about this layout effect.

Of course, it is also a manifestation of the traditional Confucian thought of the emperor standing in the north and facing the south, and it is the guiding ideology of the emperors in the past dynasties, which runs through the whole and is also reflected in the planning and layout of the capital, increasing the mystery of the emperor's idea of divine authority of monarchy.

With the development of Feng Shui thought, Yu Wenkai also introduced this idea into the planning and design of Daxing City. The site of Daxing city is selected in the south of the ancient city of Chang'an in the Han Dynasty, the terrain is wide and flat, there are six earthen hills in the east-west direction traversing, if you look down on the land of Xi'an from the air, you can see that this ground shape is very similar to the six lines of the Qiangua on the Book of Changes. The Qiangua belongs to the yang, called nine, from top to bottom, these six mounds across the ground of Xi'an from north to south, in turn called the first nine, ninety-two, ninety-three, ninety-four, ninety-five, and upper nine.

From the height of the six slopes, the terrain gradually decreases from south to north. Then Miyagi is located in a relatively low position. There is another reason for not setting Miyagi at the top. According to the position of the stars in the sky, the most

The Venerable Ziwei Palace is located in the center of the Northern Heavens, with the North Pole as the center, and a total of fifteen stars from the east and west domains surround it. Ziwei Palace has the meaning of the imperial palace, the emperor is the son of heaven, and the monarch on the earth and the stars in the sky should correspond, so the palace can only be arranged in the central position of the north. Moreover, there is the Wei River to the north, which is relatively safe from the perspective of defense.

Hexagram theory believes that the ninth day of the first month is a hidden dragon, do not use it. The ninety-two high slope is "to see the dragon in the field", so it can only be "placed in the palace room to be the residence of the emperor". The slope of ninety-three, "The gentleman is dry all day long, and he is not to blame."

"If the Hundred Officials and Offices are placed here, it can reflect the concept of civil and military officials who are constantly strong and strong, loyal to the monarch and diligent in government. So the palace city and the imperial city were arranged on the slopes of 92 and 93 respectively. Ninety-five is the most noble, the so-called "ninety-five supreme", belongs to the position of "flying dragon", does not want ordinary people to live in it, in the central axis of this high hill, the east and west symmetrically built two magnificent temples, the west is the Taoist Xuandu view, the east is the Xingshan Temple of Buddhism, hoping to borrow the power of the gods and Buddhas to suppress the imperial spirit of this place.

There was once a prime minister in the Tang Dynasty, Pei Du, who was framed as "the house is based on Okahara, and he is not called, and his heart can be seen."

In order to avoid discharging the emperor's anger, the government of Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the residents of the palace and the south of the imperial city to cancel the north and south gates and only open the east and west gates.

Traditional Chinese feng shui advocates the meridian direction in architecture, that is, sitting in the north and facing south, which was respected by the emperors of the past dynasties, and the original palace buildings in Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, were all sitting in the north and facing the south of the meridian direction. The seat of the ancient Chinese emperor, in the north, facing south. Because the emperor is the head of a dynasty, just like the top, so the emperor sits on the north, the north is the "up", and the ministers sitting on the south side are inferior, and the south becomes the "down".

In addition, the south gate of Miyagi is named "Suzaku Gate", and the north gate of Taiji Palace in Miyagi is named Xuanwu Gate, which comes from the traditional feng shui saying "left green dragon, right white tiger, front Vermilion Bird, back Xuanwu". In fact, since the north gate of Taiji Palace is named Xuanwu Gate, it must have the symbolic meaning of the corresponding "Kan" hexagram, and the Kan symbolizes the trap in the gossip. The palace battle that took place in the early Tang Dynasty around the succession to the throne - the Xuanwumen Incident happened here, which happened to coincide. From this point of view, the naming of city streets and buildings is very particular.

Also, in the Taiji Palace, there are two Yi halls built in the north of the Taiji Palace, and the title of "two Yi" is also from the "Zhou Yi", "Therefore, Yi has Taiji, which is to give birth to two Yi, two Yi to give birth to four elephants, and four elephants to give birth to gossip." "Tang Chang'an City - Palace Layout Taiji Palace Restoration Aerial View Tang Chang'an City has three main palaces, namely Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace, known as the "Three Great Interiors".

There are two kinds of facilities for treating domestic sewage in Chang'an City, one is a water ditch and the other is an infiltration well.

At that time, it was reasonable to use a canal to discharge sewage. However, according to the layout of Chang'an City, the north is the location of the imperial city and the palace city, and the area where the residents live is mainly concentrated in the south, but the local topography is high in the south and low in the north, so if you pass through the water

The canal will inevitably drain the domestic sewage of ordinary people to the boundaries of the royal officials.

Therefore, the Tang Dynasty royal family, who was disgusted, decisively abandoned this plan, chose to build the road surface to be high in the middle and low on both sides, and laid drainage pipes on both sides of the main street outside the fang, in the fang, in the east and west markets and in the palace garden, to divert rainwater and domestic sewage to the outside of the city.

These ditches are all over the city, and they should work well, but they are not. According to the documents left at present, it can be found that the city of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty often experienced waterlogging, resulting in traffic blockage, house toppling, and casualties.

The main reason for this phenomenon is the topography of Chang'an City. In addition to being high in the south and low in the north, Chang'an City also has the phenomenon of high around and low in the middle. As a result, the water flows towards the center of the city and is not easily drained out of the city. In addition, in the early Tang Dynasty, there was much more rain in the Guanzhong area than it is now, which made Chang'an City, although the drainage facilities were perfect, but it could not meet the needs of the volume of discharge.

In order to cope with this problem, the residents of Chang'an City spontaneously dug a large number of seepage wells, that is, some large or small pits in the fang, which were used to collect the discharged sewage.

Although this method is effective, it is undoubtedly a thirst quenching thirst. Because the local groundwater level is very shallow, such a large number of seepage wells will inevitably pollute the groundwater source, so nowadays, the groundwater in Chang'an City has become bitter and unpleasant, which has brought a lot of inconvenience to the residents' lives.

Just as Jiang Duyun was strolling here, a white-bearded old man walked over and said with a smile: "The little girl's Jin Dan is not simple." ”

Jiang Duyun was stunned for a moment, looked at the old man, and said, "The old man's cultivation is not simple. ”

The old man said, "My surname is Lu, can you get to know me?"

Here is the foot of genius, and the mother and daughter believe that this old man is not a bad person, so they start talking.

Let's look at the flowers and trees on the streets of Chang'an City.

On both sides of the main road of Chang'an City and the roads of the various lifang markets, the tradition since the Han Dynasty has been continued, and locust trees are planted. For this reason, the people of the Tang Dynasty often proudly called the streets of Chang'an "Qinghuai Street, Luhuai Street". For example, Bai Juyi gave Zhang Ji a poem and said, "Qinghuai Street, eight or nine squares". The poems of "Chang'an Youth" "are half drunk on the green acacia road". Han Yu's poem "Nannei Chaohe Returns to the Same Official" says: "The 12th Street of Luhuai is scattered and galloping. ”

In addition to planting locust trees on the main road, Chang'an City also planted elm trees next to Lifang Lane, and planted poplars and willows on the banks of the ditch river. Many poets in the Tang Dynasty have written poems to praise the willows by the ditch in Chang'an. For example, Wei Yingwu once wrote, "The Twelve Qu of the Weeping Yang Shadow Shadow Jin Zhang Room". Du Mu also wrote, "The number of trees is newly opened, and the green shadow is Qi, and the wind is fascinated by spring." According to the old country Fan Chuan hates, half covering the village bridge and half covering the stream. ”

Old Man Lu looked at Jiang Duyun, and suddenly asked in his heart: "Are you interested in staying in this Chang'an City?" I am the guardian of the city here, if you are willing, you can accept my mantle." ”

Jiang Duyun politely rejected the old man's statement, she knew that this old man was a master.

But she wasn't interested

Interesting, because although Chang'an City is good, staying here is like going to prison. Jiang Duyun longs for freedom, no matter how many benefits there are, she is not willing to stay here for the rest of her life. Besides, staying here, the consumption is too high, and the mother will definitely not be able to stand it.

The old man didn't care, just sighed and said, "It's rare to meet a pleasing one, since Xie Baoshu's stinky boy took Su Cha away, it's really boring, and I don't even have tea to drink." ”

Jiang Duyun asked, "Do you know Brother Baoshu?"

Old Man Lu nodded and said, "Not only do I know him, but I also know him very well." ”

Jiang Duyun smiled slightly and said, "After he came to Chang'an City, he has been to those places, can the old man take me around?"

(End of chapter)