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cpa300_4; The Mongols were part of the Donghu in the pre-Qin period, evolved from Xianbei and have survived until now. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 info Please search! During the Han Dynasty, Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu's Mao Dunshan Yu, and was divided into two tribes: Wuhuan and Xianbei. Wuhuan declined after being conquered by Cao Cao, and the Xianbei clan rose, and in the Western Jin Dynasty, Xianbei was mainly divided into the Duanbu, Murong Ministry, Tuoba Ministry, Rouran Ministry, etc. Among them, Rouran fought many times with the Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which ruled the northern part of the Central Plains during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After Rouran was defeated by the Turkic peoples, it was divided into two branches, the north and the south. The southern branch of Rouran fled to the upper reaches of the Liao River and became the ancestors of the Khitans. The northern branch fled to the area east of the Yablonov Mountains and south of the Outer Khingan Mountains, where it was the ancestor of Murve. Among the Mongol tribes, Eastern Mongolia came from the Murwei tribe and was a descendant of Genghis Khan's family. During the Song Dynasty, the rule of the Turkic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau gradually declined, and the Murwei tribes in the east, including Genghis Khan's ancestors, began to move westward to the interior of the Mongolian Plateau. In 1204, Temujin, a prominent Mongol leader, united the tribes of the Mongolian plateau through a brutal war. As a result, Temujin was elected by various tribes as "Genghis Khan", meaning "ruler of the world", and established a regime in Mobei with the name "Great Mongolian State", that is, the Great Mongol Empire. After the founding of the state, he continued to launch wars of conquest to expand its territory, destroying the Western Liao in 1217, followed by the western expedition to Khorezm in 1219, and attacking all the way to the Volga Valley. In 1227, Genghis Khan died of illness on his way to Western Xia. [1]

The Mongol Empire is a large empire formed in the early 13th century across the Eurasian continent, an extension of the original Great Mongolia, the second largest empire in the history of the world, the most extensive country in the continuous territory of the empire, the area of the Mongol Empire is as high as 33 million square kilometers and 12.7 million square miles, accounting for 22% of the world's land area, more than one-fifth, 1.5 times that of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, 1.9 times that of today's Russia, including 100 million people in the territory at that time.

The expansion of Mongolia's territory stems from the fact that it has launched three Mongol expeditions to the west, the first western expedition led by Genghis Khan in 1162~1227 1218~1223 to destroy the western Liao Khorezm, crossing the Taihe Ridge and the present-day Caucasus Mountains to break the Kipchak tribes, and the second western expedition in 1235~1242 during the reign of Ögedai Khan, launched with Batu as the commander, successively conquered the Slavic tribes of the Caspian Bugar Kingdom, and then destroyed Kievan Rus' in the Great Plain of Eastern Europe. Then defeated the combined forces of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire defeated Hungary and conquered Bulgaria, the expeditionary force reached as far as the northeast of Venice on the Italian Peninsula, the third western expedition 1252~1260 during the reign of Möngke Khan, the commander was Hulegu, and the Abbasid dynasty of the Abbasid dynasty of Murayi was destroyed in Arabia, 750~1258 and Syria, and the three western expeditions wiped out more than 40 countries. Previously, it was said that the Mongol Empire conquered an area of 44 million square kilometers, but this claim has been proved to be a Miao tradition, covering the entire area of Asia, which is no more than 10,000 square kilometers. The Mongols are one of the indigenous ethnic groups formed on the Mongolian Plateau in East Asia, the Mongolian Plateau was mainly inhabited by the Xiongnu people in the period from the pre-Qin to the Northern and Southern Dynasties in ancient China, and the Huns often went south to riot in the Central Plains, in order to protect the normal development of the Central Plains, the ancient Chinese Western Han Dynasty government had sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to lead the army into the desert north for more than 1,000 miles. Huo Qu's illness has hit the Xiongnu so far, the wolf in central Mongolia has lived in Xu Mountain, and Wei Qing has swept away the Xiongnu royal court. The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty of China had sent Dou Gu Geng Bing Dou Xian, and Beidan Yu fought in Jiluo Mountain, now Mongolia Ebugen Mountain, Beidan fled in defeat, the Han army pursued, the Northern Xiongnu successively had more than 200,000 people attached, the Southern Xiongnu attached to the Han Dynasty and called the vassals, Dou Xian Geng Bing climbed Yanran Mountain, now Mongolia Hangai Mountain carved stone Jigong, arrived at the Hanhai Sea now Lake Baikal and returned, the second year again attacked the Northern Xiongnu, Beidan Yu was injured and fled. Later, the Eastern Han army attacked the Altai Mountains and defeated the Northern Xiongnu army, forcing Beidan to move westward, leading the remnants to flee westward to Wusun and Kangju, after the decline of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei people quickly entered the Mongolian Plateau. In ancient China, the area around present-day Mongolia and Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Yenisei River were once part of the territory of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Murwei tribes gradually migrated to the Mongolian Plateau and played a decisive role in the eventual formation of the Mongol people, and from the 10th to the 12th centuries, Mongolia was gradually incorporated into the Liao Dynasty established by the Khitans. The Jurchens had subjugated the Mongols in the middle of the Jin Dynasty, and by about 1200, with the gradual decline of the Jin Dynasty and the gradual strengthening of Mongol power, the Mongols no longer paid tribute to the Jin Dynasty. Around the beginning of the 13th century, under the leadership of Genghis Khan [Genghis Khan 1162~1227], the Mongol nation rushed out of the plateau and set off a strong wave of expansion. In a short period of time, this wave of expansion was a wave of dramatic changes in the political, cultural, and geographical aspects of the Middle Ages. It not only greatly influenced the historical process of the Mongolian nation, but also left a deep imprint on the trajectory of the evolution of human civilization.

At the turn of the 89th century, the Murowei tribes, which had been nomadic in the southeast of Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River along the Ergun River, began to migrate westward, entering the upper reaches of the Tilulian River and the Tula River, and then occupied a vast plateau area stretching from Lake Baikal in the east to the Irtysh River in the west, to the Great Wall in the south to Siberia in the north. From the 10th to the 12th centuries, the Mongol tribes had close contacts with the Liaojin regime in the south, and accepted the influence of advanced material culture, the use of iron tools gradually became popular, the productive forces developed rapidly, and the private ownership system began to appear. In the past, the traditional nomadic way of collective clan herding "Gureyan" gradually gave way to the nomadic way of "Ayinle", which was a one-family nomadic way, and the social class differentiation intensified, and the clan society gradually disintegrated. The tribal leaders "Khan" and the nobleman "Nayan" not only grabbed social wealth, but also supported their own soldiers and warriors "Nak'er" to serve them, as an armed force to maintain power and attack and conquer. In order to compete for pastures, livestock and slaves, the tribes fought each other, and the weak ate the strong. In the second half of the 12th century, after the brutal competition among the Mongol tribes, the two tribes of the Sons and the Zars gradually formed two tribes, which were eyeing each other and trying to swallow each other. At the same time, from east to west, the four major groups of Tatar, Tatar, Mongolian, and Karenaman, as well as the five heroes of the Mierqi group in the north, coexisted and confronted each other. In order to compete for the supreme power to dominate the entire plateau, the five major tribal groups engaged in fierce battles. In the context of this era, Genghis Khan 1162~1227 strode onto the stage of history. He organized a powerful army to fight everywhere.

In 1206, Temujin unified the Mongolian tribes and convened the Kuriltai Conference at the source of the present-day Onon River, that is, the Great Khan of Mongolia, called "Genghis Khan 1162~1227", and the country name "Great Mongolia", the Mongolian steppe ended the long-term melee.

The Mongol nation was formally formed. Genghis Khan 1162~1227 also promulgated the Genghis Khan 1162~1227 Code, which is the earliest constitutional document in the world as the written code of the Great Mongolia. The organization of the Mongol Empire was ten households, one hundred households, thousands of households, ten thousand households, ten thousand households, one banner, ten banners, ten roads, one state, and ten states. In 1271, Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan in 1162~1227 changed the name of the "Great Mongolian Khanate" to "Great Yuan State", or "Great Yuan Great Mongolia" Dai?nyekemonggholulus, which was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and Kublai Khan, the Great Khan of Mongolia, became the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and settled in ancient China.

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After the hatred of the ghost Sun Qiu to the sun and the ghost

From 1205, Genghis Khan attacked Western Xia three times in 1162~1227. In 1211, the Mongol cavalry attacked the Jin Dynasty and occupied Zhongdu.

In 1218, in order to eliminate the remnants of the enemy Nabarian prince Qu Qu Lu, the Mongols sent troops to destroy the Western Liao regime that had been usurped by Qu Qu Lu. Later generations founded the Ögedai Khanate here.

From 1219 to 1222, due to the robbery and murder of Mongol envoys and merchant groups by Khorezm, Genghis Khan 1162~1227 annexed Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in present-day Central Asia and captured many major cities. Sultan Mahamat, the ruler of Khorezm, fled to an isolated island in the Caspian Sea region and died of illness.

In 1223, Genghis Khan sent Subutai in 1162~1227 to continue westward, defeated the 9 coalition armies of Kipchak on the Kipchak steppe, defeated the Grand Duke of Kiev in present-day Ukraine, and then withdrew.

In 1226, Genghis Khan, who was critically ill, conquered the Western Xia again in 1162~1227 1032~1227, and the late Western Xia Emperor Li surrendered the following year.

In 1227, Genghis Khan 1162~1227 died of illness in Liupan Mountain. The Mongol Empire at that time included the Mongolian Plateau, northwestern and northeastern parts of China, and most of Central Asia and Western Asia. After that, the descendants of Genghis Khan 1162~1227 continued to expand the land, established the Great Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, the Kipchak Khanate, the Ogedai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate within the Mongol Empire. The successor of the Mongol Great Khan Khanate was the Chinese Yuan Dynasty 1271~1368. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1162~1227, his second son Ögedei succeeded him as the Great Khan of Mongolia. In 1235, the Mongol army began to attack Kipchak Russia, capturing Moscow and other cities. In 1240, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu in 1162~1227 captured Kiev. In 1241, Batu led his troops to invade Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, until they reached the vicinity of Vienna, Austria, which was the westernmost place where the Mongol army went, but the Austrian-Bohemian coalition did not attack the Mongol army, but because of the news of the death of Ögedei in 1242, the Mongols respected their ancestors very much, and Batu led the army to the east to participate in the succession of the Mongol Great Khan, so the Mongol army stopped the attack on the Austrian-Bohemian coalition army in Central Europe. The Kipchak Khanate, also known as the Golden Horde, where the Great Khanate of Mongolia was later established.

2 East Asia

During the time of Wokotai, from 1230 to 1234, the Mongols destroyed Jin. In 1231, the Mongols attacked the present-day Joseon Kingdom of Goryeo, and the Goryeo royal family retreated to Ganghwa Island. After Wogedai, at the same time as Hulegu's expedition to the west, Meng Ke led a three-way army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty in 1258. In 1259, Meng Ge was unable to capture the Diaoyu City in Hezhou, Sichuan, and was killed by an arrow in a battle. Meng Ge's younger brother, Kublai Khan, who was attacking Ezhou in Hubei, took his own name as the Great Khan. After defeating his younger brother Ali Buge, who also claimed to be the Great Khan, in 1267 Kublai Khan made the capital of Zhongdu in present-day Beijing, which was later renamed Dadu. In 1271, the country was renamed Dayuan, which was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. From 1267 to 1279, after years of conquest against the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army finally destroyed the Song Dynasty. By 1275, the central and southern parts of the present-day Korean Peninsula of Goryeo had submitted to the Yuan Dynasty and became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. The northern part of the Korean Peninsula is Chinese territory and belongs to Liaoyang Province.

The Mongols also attacked northern Vietnam in 1257. After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, hoping to regain the original Chinese territory of Annam, which had been lost in the Song Dynasty, the Yuan army conquered the northern part of Vietnam twice, in 1285 and 1287, that is, the then Tran Dynasty of Vietnam. Dai Viet joined forces with its old enemy, the Hindu regime of Champa and southern Vietnam, to repel the Yuan army. The Yuan army also attacked Champa in present-day southern Vietnam. In 1287, the Yuan army invaded the Kingdom of Bagan in northern Burma, and penetrated deep into the central and eastern parts of northern Burma, and part of the Yuan army entered the Assam region, and then withdrew from the southern region of Burma in 1303, which was a Chinese territory in the central part of northern Burma, which belonged to Yunnan Province of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan army's naval expedition to Java in 1292-1293 was also unsuccessful. In 1274 and 1281, Kublai Khan tried to teach Japan a lesson twice, the first time, in 1274, under the leadership of the Mongol general Xindu Goryeo General Hong Chaqiu, who captured Tsushima Island, landed and attacked off the coast of Hizen, Japan. In 1281, the Mongol Great Khan Kublai Khan sent the Mongol general Azhuhan as the commander-in-chief, the right prime minister of the province, and the Han general Fan Wenhu as the deputy commander-in-chief. After the meeting, Asahan died. Great Khan Kublai Khan ordered the deputy prime minister of Zhongshu Province to take over. However, Fan Wenhu tried to complete this heroic cause by him, did not wait for Atahai to arrive, that is, marched and landed in the north of Nagasaki, Hirathu Island, Japan, but soon encountered a typhoon, the typhoon lasted for many days, and finally the wind and rain stopped, Fan Wenhu found that he could not clean up the mess, so he abandoned all the subordinates who had landed and stationed at the foot of the mountain, and he and a group of senior generals took the remnants of several warships and quietly fled. The reason for the failure was that the Japanese army appointed Fan Wenhu, a general of the Song Dynasty who was incapable of fighting and could not fight, as the commander, and in the event of a typhoon failure, some of the Yuan troops who participated in the Eastern Expedition at that time were newly surrendered to the original Southern Song Dynasty army Jiangnan New Annexed Army, which was very poor in combat effectiveness; Aid from Goryeo, a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty, was lacking; The fleets built by the Yuan army in Goryeo and Shandong were river boats, and because the Goryeo and Jiangnan craftsmen, who were mainly responsible for shipbuilding, worked under the harsh supervision conditions of Mongolian overseers and the harsh construction period, the quality of the ships built was seriously defective, so they could not withstand the wind and waves at sea and failed. The Japanese believe that typhoons are the blessings of the gods to Japan, so there is a saying about kamikaze