Sun Yuanqi took back Sun Jianai's Mobao, and he didn't know that word was good. So I asked Lao Tong to hold this word and go to the glaze factory to make a bigger brand, I believe that the master of the calligraphy and painting shop will naturally know which one is written well. However, Sun Yuanqi instructed Lao Tong: It is best to use white paint on the ground, black characters, and add another line of English on the right side: InstituteofPhysicalResearchandTeaching. This name was casually said by Sun Yuanqi when Rutherford came to visit. Later, when a reporter from Scientist magazine interviewed Rutherford, Rutherford mentioned the name "IPRT". Not long ago, Sun Yuanqi flipped through the magazine sent by Rutherford, and when he saw this name, he would smile in his heart. This time, the name was always officially typed.

One day later, the servants of the Sun Mansion brought a group of children over, the eldest was only eleven or twelve years old, and the younger one was only seven or eight years old. It is estimated that before coming, Sun Jianai gave them a lesson first, so when they saw Sun Yuanqi, they all knelt down and kowtowed respectfully: "Meet Mr." ”

Sun Yuanqi hurriedly asked the children to get up. On the side, the servant said, "These five sons are all grandchildren of several masters. The old man said that Mr. Sun is their elder brother, as the saying goes, 'the eldest brother is like a father', and he must be strictly supervised. If you don't listen, the lord will do the family law. ”

Sun Yuanqi thanked him. After asking a few words, I learned that their names were Sun Duofu, Sun Duoshou, Sun Duonan, Sun Duoyi, and Sun Duoshi. Seeing that there were five more children, Sun Yuan had a headache. The teacher is only himself, how can he teach this?

After thinking about it for a while, I decided to organize the five children into a "multi" character class, and teach it according to the previous method of teaching the "Jing" character class, anyway, the original textbook is still there. Teachers, just catch Han Yu and Zhou Zongwu, don't say anything else, English and arithmetic are always fine, right? However, they don't seem to have been teachers, and it seems that they have to make up for their psychology and pedagogy classes, which can be regarded as a kind of speculation and sale.

The class schedule means that there are two students in different classes at any time, and there are two students next to you. In this way, you will teach two people first, and the other two; When the two returned, the four taught each other and wrote teaching materials by the way; If there is any doubt, Sun Yuanqi is in the courtyard and asks questions at any time.

When Han Yu, Zhou Zongwu, Zhang Chun, and Gu Zhilin came, they roughly told them. They all agreed. In their opinion, it should be quite interesting to be a student and a teacher at the same time. Then, Sun Yuanqi told them about modern pedagogy and psychology, and by the way, he took out the textbooks in the primary school and reviewed them for them.

Han Yu first chose this nature, and Zhou Zongwu drew English, no problem. Gu Zhilin took it casually, but it was a language, and when he opened it, he first looked at the English letters, and occasionally there were strange small symbols on it, but he didn't understand it after reading it for a long time. I had to ask Mr. Sun: "Sir, what is this ......?" ”

Sun Yuanqi glanced up and replied casually: "Hanyu Pinyin!" ”

"Hanyu – Pinyin——? What's that for? Gu Zhilin asked suspiciously. The other three all poked their heads out and looked at each other, none of them recognized.

"Don't you know? Oh - you don't know! "The Hanyu Pinyin scheme was established after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the people of the late Qing Dynasty naturally did not know about it. Sun Yuanqi told them about this general function, such as the convenience of recognizing words, the ease of checking characters, and the convenience of enlightenment and popularization in the future. It's also convenient for computer input, but this can't be said.

"Knowing this pinyin, it is indeed convenient to recognize and pronounce. And if you know how to read it, you can find out how to write it, but it's good. But there's no dictionary for checking words, right? Zhang Chun, who was on the side, asked.

Sun Yuan patted his head, hey! Forget about this stubble. I had to be sloppy: "I want to make a book, the work is very simple, but I'm too busy at the moment, but I don't have time to ......"

Gu Zhilin hurriedly said: "As long as Mr. is on the side, we will do it, I believe we will be able to make it up soon!" ”

The most popular dictionary in the Qing Dynasty was the Kangxi Dictionary compiled by Zhang Yushu, a scholar in the 54th year of Kangxi, with a total of 42 volumes and more than 40,000 words. In the eyes of this group of students, compiling a dictionary was a great thing, but when he said it was "very simple", he jumped to try it. Sun Yuanqi looked at their excited appearance, and immediately ordered them to find a dictionary.

Soon, the students brought a copy of the "Kangxi Dictionary", a thick forty-two copies, and Sun Yuanqi was straight at it: Is this a dictionary? Are you sure it's not an encyclopedia?

I roughly flipped through the "Kangxi Dictionary", which is to check the words according to the radical first, and check the words according to the number of strokes in each radical, which is also quite convenient to use. But for characters that only know the pronunciation and don't know the glyphs, there is almost nothing that can be done.

Sun Yuanqi set a style for them: first write the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme", after all, people still don't know what Hanyu Pinyin is; Immediately after that, the sequence is arranged; Then mark the more commonly used words in the "Kangxi Dictionary" in pinyin, and then copy the common meaning of the word to a cut note, and then put it in alphabetical order; After all the copies are made, they are transcribed into a book, and finally the pinyin and radical checks are written.

It's easy to say, but it's a lot of work. In particular, these four students had to listen to lectures, attend classes, and organize textbooks during the day, and at night they had to go home and copy dictionaries, which was very busy. Fortunately, the students at the end of the Qing Dynasty were very sensible and didn't dare to make any moths. Otherwise, they would really vomit blood.

Sun Yuanqi was also busy, in addition to preparing for classes, attending classes, instructing students, and answering letters from overseas scholars, he also had to write a thesis, the one that Rutherford had agreed to.

This paper has been planned by Sun Yuan for a long time, because this paper will synthesize the conclusions of French physicists Lenaral, German physicists Lenard and Einstein, American physicists Millikan and Compton, and British physicist Wilson (ilson), among which Renard, Einstein, Compton, and Wilson are all Nobel Prize winners in physics. This shows the weight of this paper. After thinking about it for a long time, I named the paper "The Photoelectric Effect: From Phenomenon to Essence". Although I think of an eye-catching name like "light is a particle", I still think about it.

As early as 1887, the German physicist Hertz was the first to observe that tip discharges irradiated with violet light are particularly prone to occur, which is actually caused by the photoelectric effect. Since there was no concept of electrons at the time, its mechanism was not very clear. It wasn't until 1897, when Thomson discovered the electron, that people noticed that when a certain frequency of light hits a metal surface, a large number of electrons escape from the surface, which is called the photoelectric effect. In 1902, the French physicist Lynne discovered four main characteristics of the photoelectric effect: (1) when light hits a metal surface, electrons are emitted almost simultaneously; (2) The number of electrons escaping per unit time is proportional to the intensity of light; (3) The maximum energy of photoelectrons is independent of light intensity; (4) For specific metal surfaces, there is a very certain cut-off frequency (also known as threshold frequency), and the frequency of incident light must exceed this cut-off frequency in order to produce electrons, otherwise, no matter how strong the light is, no electrons escape.

Sun Yuanqi's paper began with the discovery of plagiarism Linna, first using experiments to show the four main characteristics of the photoelectric effect, and measuring the cut-off frequencies of several metals. Then, it is shown that the experimental law of the photoelectric effect cannot be explained by the existing wave theory. Classical physics holds that an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave whose energy is continuously distributed across the wave. When it shines on a metal, the transverse electric field acts on the electrons on the surface of the metal, and the electrons gain energy. When the energy of the electrons accumulates reaches a certain level, the electrons can escape from the constraints of the atoms. The intensity of the electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of the strength of the electric field, so the energy given to the electron should certainly depend on the strength of the electric field, so we should expect the maximum energy of the outgoing electron to depend on the intensity of the light (the amount of energy incident per second per unit area), independent of frequency. But from experimental observations, it is clear that this is not the case. This is the first part of the dissertation.

In the second part of the paper, the quantum theory mentioned in the previous "Functional Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Wavelength of Light" began to be developed, and the "light quantum hypothesis" was proposed to solve the problem of the photoelectric effect. It is believed that light should be thought of as being composed of packets of energy, each of which has an E energy, and that each packet retains its body in such a way that all its energy can be concentrated on a single electron. When the light hits the metal surface, the photons with energy E are absorbed by the electrons, and the electrons use part of this energy to overcome the bondage of the metal surface, and the other part is the kinetic energy of the electrons after leaving the metal surface. And the famous photoelectric equation is derived. That is, when the photon energy is less than the binding of the metal surface to the electron, the electron cannot get out of the metal surface, so there is no photoelectron generation; When the photon energy is greater than the binding of the electron on the metal surface, the electron will immediately get out of the metal surface and move with the remaining energy as kinetic energy; The frequency of the photon determines the energy of the photon, which determines the energy of the electron; The intensity of the photon only determines the number of photons, and the more photons there are, the more photoelectrons are produced. In this way, the photoelectric effect, which cannot be explained by classical theory, is explained.

At the same time, it was pointed out that the photoelectric effect could be explained immediately according to the quantum theory of light, but it would be difficult to explain the interference and diffraction phenomena of light. As a result, light is considered to have "wave-particle duality".

This was followed by the third part of the paper, which included the experiments conducted by Milligan, Compton, and Wilson—because Sun Yuanqi had no experimental equipment in his hands, he could only design experimental protocols and "predict" the experimental results. For example, the relationship between the frequency of light and the energy of the evolved electrons was carefully measured, and the quantum formula for the photoelectric effect was "validated". When X-rays are projected onto graphite to observe the scattered X-rays, two different frequency components can be found: one is the same as the incident ray, and the other is lower than the incident ray. Using the cloud chamber in "Vision", the trajectory of charged particles can be observed. This suggests that it is not only the energy of the photon that comes into play, but also its momentum...... Because the great Albert Einstein has not yet proposed the special theory of relativity, there are many things that need to be pointed out obscurely. It's more cumbersome than pointing it out.

In 1922, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the photoelectric effect. Compton shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the Compton effect and Wilson for his discovery of the method of observing the trajectory of charged particles using vapor condensation. The impact of these discoveries and inventions can be imagined.

The paper took Sun Yuanqi two months and more than 90 pages to write. After I finished writing, I was a little hesitant, and the length of such a page was a bit too small: as a monograph, it was too small; As a thesis, too big.

"Forget it, don't think about it, let's let the editors of Science bother it!" Sun Yuanqi thought to himself. As for whether it can be published, this is never within the scope of Sun Yuanqi's concern. Think about what can be written into the "History of Physics", can it not be heavy? Can you not publish something so important? He then put the paper in an envelope and sent it to the United States.

In the midst of the chaos, the days flew by.

By the time Sun Yuanqi's paper was sent, it was already September 1899. Jingshi University Hall and Chongshi Middle School have ended their summer vacation and started a new semester. Sun Yuanqi began to run every day again. As for Sun Yuanqi's four students, their feet don't touch the ground every day, and the dictionary is only half compiled. The primary school students in those two classes are also business as usual. Sun Yuanqi has already begun to consider whether to give them a "moral and ideological" course. Well! Recruiting teachers is also a must.

On this day, Sun Yuanqi dragged his tired body back to the courtyard. As soon as I entered the courtyard, I saw Han Yu and Gu Zhilin accompanying Chen Jide and a strange young man chatting next to the sign of "Physics Academy". This sign has been placed there for a month or two, although the house is just an ordinary bungalow, not very good, but there is such a white background and black paint sign, there is some solemn atmosphere. Sun Yuanqi mischievously signed the name "InstituteofPhysicalResearchandTeaching" on the signature of "Photoelectric Effect: From Phenomenon to Essence".

The evening sun stretched Sun Yuanqi's shadow long. The strange young man seemed to be isolated from the circle of Chen Jide and Han Yu, unable to interject, only listening, looking around at this strange courtyard from time to time: there is a place for children, a place for middle school students, and a place for college students with the name "Physics Institute...... So he was the first to see Sun Yuanqi walking into the courtyard, so he quietly stabbed Chen Jide beside him.

As soon as Chen Jide turned around, he saw Sun Yuanqi, who had just entered the courtyard, and greeted him: "Mr. is back......" Han Yu and Zhou Zongwu also followed behind, with a smile on their faces.

Sun Yuanqi waved his hand to them, waited closer, and asked, "Yide, aren't you going to the Western Academy, why do you have time to come?" …… The Western School hasn't opened yet? ”

Chen Jide smiled a little awkwardly. Zhang Chunxin next to him said bluntly: "He defected from the Western Academy!" ”

Defected? Sun Yuanqi didn't react for a while: Could it be skipping class? However, it is indeed not very far from Tianjin Wei to Beijing City. He didn't ask in detail, but just said, "Yide, it's not good to skip class just after school starts." This one next to you is your classmate? ”

Chen Jide replied: "Sir, this is my little Liu Bin, the word Jifu." He and I originally wanted to go to the Western School, but after going for a few days, I found it boring, so I encouraged him to join me and come to Mr. Ben! After saying that, he smiled.

The young man named Liu Bin hurriedly stepped forward to salute. The two bowed. Sun Yuanqi began to teach Chen Jide: "Yide, the essence of the university, takes a long time to discover." If you take a glimpse of it, you will say that this is not good, that is not good, and you will not be able to touch the essence. The Western School is very good, after all, it is a university hall established in the early days...... "Sun Yuanqi thought to himself: This Western School is the predecessor of Tianjin University, and it must be very good.

Han Yu and Chen Jide had a good relationship, and said on the side: "Sir, it's also good for Yide to come over." The teaching and learning of the Naxi School is really not good, especially the level of physics teaching - they are called Gezhi - is really not good, I can't understand it in class, ask him questions, and ignore it, and only ask people to go back and read books by themselves. Ed was there, and he could quarrel with him three times a day. So, let's go back to us. …… Sir, as you said before, a sheep is herded, and a flock of sheep is also herded. Anyway, Mr. is also teaching us, and two more people will not have any effect. Besides, isn't there a shortage of people compiling dictionaries now? ”

Chen Jide also came up, salivating and said: "Sir's knowledge is one of the best in the Qing Dynasty, if you want to learn knowledge, you have to get it here!" Ji Fu read Mr.'s previous textbook and admired him so much that he cried and shouted to come, and I had no choice but to bring him too! ”

Listening to Chen Jide's sycophancy, Sun Yuanqi couldn't cry or laugh: "Does your family know about this?" ”

"It's okay, it's okay!" Chen Jide said firmly: "I'm not at home, it's too late for them to be happy." By the way, don't look at Liu Jifu's rules now, since he was a child, his home was Huaguo Mountain, and he was the monkey without a tail. Ouch - Jifu, what are you stabbing me for? Am I wrong? ”

Sun Yuanqi was helpless, so he had to say, "If you want to come, come here...... However, I'm a big private school here at best, and I can't compare to those university halls, so you'll have to think about it! Sun Yuanqi felt that to make these things clear, to let them know that this is Zhou Yu beating Huang Gai - one is willing to fight, the other is willing to suffer, this is a responsible attitude towards students, not to deceive consumers.

Han Yu was not happy: "Mr. Sun, we are here in the University Hall!" You see, there are elementary school students, there are middle school students, and a few of us are college students. If there are teachers and students, isn't it a university hall? ”

Zhou Zongwu, Zhang Chun, and Gu Zhilin nodded vigorously.

Sun Yuanqi sighed: "Have you ever seen a university hall with only one teacher, a few students, and no professional departments?" ”

"Yes, aren't we now?" Han Yu said.

In fact, Sun Yuanqi doesn't have to be so arrogant. In the early stages of the development of Chinese universities, the number of students has always been relatively sparse, and the disciplines and specializations are not very complete. For example, in 1909, the Gezhike Geology Department of Beijing Normal University (the predecessor of Peking University) was founded, which was the earliest higher geological education institution in China, but until 1913, only two students graduated. After that, it was suspended due to too few students, and it was not restored until 1917, and it was renamed the Department of Geology of Peking University, with He Jie, who had studied in the United States, as the head of the department, and Wang Lie, who studied in Germany, as a professor, and only in 1920 Sun Yunzhu and other 8 people graduated. Since then, the department has been one of the most important geological educational institutions in China.

Another example is the Department of Physics of Nankai University, where Mr. Wu Dayou, a famous physicist and former president of Taiwan's "Academia Sinica", once studied, and there were only two professors at that time, one was Mr. Rao Yutai and the other was Mr. Chen Li.

It is precisely because of this that the students cultivated are often the essence. The pattern of "threesome" in the Department of Physics of Nankai University has produced two physics masters, Rao Yutai and Wu Dayou. On the contrary, in the 21st century, various universities are frantically expanding their enrollment, and tens of thousands of students are often enrolled in a class, but how many can become talents?

Sun Yuanqi no longer dwelled on this matter, so he had to say to Chen Jide and the two of them: "Since you are here, then stay." ”

There is strength in numbers, and this saying is true. After Chen Jide and Liu Bin came, although it took a while to take remedial courses and become familiar with Hanyu Pinyin. A month later, everyone's cooperation began to gradually tacit understanding, and the compilation of textbooks and dictionaries gradually improved. By November, the compilation of the dictionary had come to an end, and the problems encountered by Han Yu and Gu Zhilin were gradually exposed. Every day, after Sun Yuanqi finished class, he hurried back to solve all kinds of problems, big and small.

In the seventh and eighth months of the lunar calendar, there are 49 students studying physics, chemistry and other subjects in the arts and sciences branch of the Beijing Normal University Hall. In this way, there are two classes of physics in the university hall, and Sun Yuanqi has to attend classes in the university hall six times a week. Even so, coupled with the affairs of Chongshi Middle School and the primary school hall at home, every time I am in the university hall, I come and go in a hurry, and there is a bit of a glimpse. These days, plus the dictionary thing, it's almost a matter of leaving after class.

One day in November, the bell rang. Sun Yuanqi packed up his books and lecture notes, and asked as usual: "Do you have any other questions?" "The students of Jingshi University are all obedient children, but they know how to read the scriptures, write Bagu Wen, and very few like physics. For example, half of those who were assigned to science in the new class were assigned to the university because there were too many scientists in literature and history and could not compete. The class that is now in class is from the original department, and few people ask questions. Sun Yuanqi just asked as a routine and planned to leave immediately.

Who knows, today when the sun came out of the west, a student actually stood up: "Sir, the student wants to ask a question in private, I don't know if it's okay?" ”

Sun Yuanqi was a little stunned: "Naturally, it is possible." With that, he motioned for the other students to leave class.

The student walked to the front of the stage, followed by three other students who seemed to be interested in the question he was asking. At this time, Sun Yuanqi felt a bit like a university in later generations. Looking out the window, the late autumn sunset hung in the air, the golden leaves on the ground, and the old buildings of the University Hall, which were beautiful and sad. He said to the students, "The view from outside is great. Let's talk as we go. ”

After speaking, he grabbed his books and walked out the door, followed by the four students.

On the path covered with yellow leaves, Sun Yuanqi turned his head: "What problems do you have?" By the way, I don't know you well, so before you ask a question, should you introduce yourself from time to time? ”

The student at the head seemed to be the leader of the small group of four people, with a simple face, but a little bold spirit, and replied first: "My name is Zuo Gongxian, and I am from Hunan." ”

followed by an older student, with a figure of only one meter six or eight, with a beard, and looked older than Sun Yuanqi: "Student Hu Xun, Zishi, from Hubei." ”

The two back are brightly dressed, and they look like they are the children of the eunuchs: one is called Zeng Guangxi, the word Houchen, a native of Hunan; One is named Li Guobing, the word Junheng, a native of Anhui, the youngest.

Sun Yuan nodded from the beginning, signaling that he knew. These names are naturally known when you change your homework on weekdays, but they don't match people.

The man named Zuo Gongxian continued: "Sir, that's right, several of us are very interested in physics. Mr.'s textbook is excellent, we read it quickly, and we feel that we are still unsatisfied, so I want to ask Mr. in private, is there any textbook that is a little deeper? ”

"Huh?" Sun Yuanqi was shocked that there were still people interested in physics in the hall of Beijing Normal University! "You've all read all six textbooks?"

In fact, the influence of Boss Sun Jianai is not as great as usual. Sun Yuanqi handed him the remaining three textbooks in July, saying that they were being handed over to Xu Jingcheng, the current minister in charge of the affairs of the Beijing Normal University, and the students of the Beijing Normal University received the three books in September.

Li Guobing hurriedly said: "We have already finished reading it!" Sir's book is interesting and interesting, but it's too shallow—"

"Junheng!" The old Hu Xun gave him a dart, and Li Guobing immediately stopped talking. Hu Xun bowed down and said, "Sir, forgive your sins!" ”

Sun Yuan waved his hand, indicating that it didn't matter. Those six textbooks were originally intended for junior high school students, mainly to cultivate their interests, clarify some basic concepts, and establish a general scientific system, which is indeed not very difficult, especially for these teenagers. So he explained: "There is a saying in the West that mathematics is the mother of natural sciences. If you don't have a certain level of mathematics, there is a serious obstacle to learning other natural sciences, especially physics. Nowadays in China, ordinary people attach great importance to literature and history, and their understanding of mathematics and physics is not very high, so the teaching materials are shallow...... As for more in-depth physics, it may involve trigonometry and calculus, I wonder if you have learned it? ”

The four of them nodded in unison and said, "Learned!" ”

"I have a freshly written physics textbook there, which is a little deeper than the six you use. You can pick it up when it's convenient for you. "The Physics Institute has been open for four or five months, which is equivalent to one semester, and has compiled one volume each of the "Intermediate Physics Textbook", "Intermediate Chemistry Textbook", and "Intermediate Mathematics Textbook".

"If it's convenient for you, sir, you can do it now." It seems that these students are a little happy and can't wait.

Sun Yuanqi led them back together, and on the way they talked about the reactions of some students in the university hall studying physics, and the general reaction was that they were interesting and eager to learn. Now you can rest assured.

The hall of Jingshi University is not far from Sun Yuanqi's house, and it will be there in a while. At this time, the primary school was about to end, and the servants of the Sun family at the door had already prepared a cart and waited for the five little brothers to come out. Seeing Sun Yuanqi leading the four students over, he bowed down and said, "Mr. Sun is back...... Oh, isn't this Young Master Hu, Young Master Zeng, Young Master Zuo and Young Master Li, how do you have time to go to Mr. Sun's house? ”

All four students greeted him. Sun Yuanqi was very strange: How could the servants of the Sun family know these four people? But I don't think it has much to do with me, so I didn't ask too much. And he led them into the court.

;