After the Spring Festival, Sun Yuanqi counted his savings. Teaching in the hall of Beijing Normal University, 50 taels of silver per month, a total of 8 months, a total of 400 taels; Chongshi Middle School teacher, 40 silver dollars per month, also 8 months, a total of 320 yuan; Coupled with the nearly 300 silver dollars obtained from the paper, this is all the income after coming to the Qing Dynasty. In the past few months, food, clothing, housing, transportation, and entertainment have all been spent from this. Now he had only two hundred and sixty taels of silver, less than two hundred silver dollars. There are few silver dollars left, and there are more silver dollars left, and that's because silver dollars are easy to use and carry.

Now, Sun Yuanqi can be regarded as a big family: there are ten "servants" alone, who are responsible for their own food, clothing, housing and transportation, which is really luxurious! In fact, Sun Yuanqi only paid five monthly money: Lao Tong, Lao Zhao, and Zheng Yousan, each with five silver dollars; Lao Zhao's family, Lao Zheng's family, three yuan per month. As for those "child laborers", they are free to use. Even so, Lao Tong and the two families have praised "Mr. Sun is so generous"!

The silver is spent at a low price, and it is natural to think of ways to earn it, the so-called "loss in the embankment and compensation outside the embankment", otherwise in a few months, the "Sun Mansion" will not go bankrupt, and it will have to lay off people! The salaries given by Jingshi University Hall and Chongshi Middle School are already very good, and they can no longer ask for a salary increase. In the end, I can only make money from foreigners: continue to carry out the great cause of "writing" papers!

After visiting Sun Jianai, Ding Yunliang, and the American Legation, Sun Yuanqi hid in the study, drove out Da Mao, who had changed his name to Zhao Jingxing, and spread out the blank paper by himself and began to conceive a thesis. The direction of plagiarism has been thought of for a long time, and that is to solve the great problem of classical physics: "ultraviolet disaster".

In the late 18th century, the phenomenon of thermal radiation began to be perceived in chemical reactions. In 1790, Pictate of France conducted experimental research and confirmed that objects can produce thermal radiation similar to luminescence. After that, attention began to be paid to the study of the relationship between the radiation of an object and the absorption of light by this object. Especially at the end of the 19th century, due to the needs of metallurgy and other aspects, people were anxious to know the relationship between radiation intensity and light wavelength. The method of finding the corresponding points one by one by relying on experiments alone is like cutting meat with a blunt knife. At this time, Wayne and Rayleigh-Kings each published two formulas to try to solve this problem.

Wien's formula, published in 1896, is known as Wien's radiation law. This law is in good agreement with the experimental results in the low temperature and short wave region, but not in the high temperature and long wave region.

Rayleigh analyzes Wien's formula and argues that his derivation is not rigorous. In June 1900, the Rayleigh radiation formula was published. However, one of the coefficients was wrong and was corrected by Kings, so it is also called the Rayleigh-Kings law. This law is consistent with the experimental results in the long-wave region, but not in the short-wave region. And when the wavelength is close to the ultraviolet, the calculated energy is infinite! However, the consensus reached by Rayleigh-Kings and others is strictly deduced from the theories of classical physics, and Rayleigh and Kings are also recognized as rigorous people in the physics community, and the theoretical and experimental values are at odds with each other in the shortwave region, which makes people have to call it an "ultraviolet disaster".

The ultraviolet disaster is also the disaster of classical physics.

On October 19, 1900, at the meeting of the German Physical Society, Planck reported his results with the title of "Improvement of Wien's Radiation Law", which is known as "Planck's formula". The formula combines Wien's formula and Rayleigh's formula, and the theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results. On December 14 of the same year, Planck read a paper at the German Physical Society entitled "The Theory of the Law of Energy Distribution in Normal Spectrum", and put forward a hypothesis that energy can be divided into N equal parts, each of which is called an energy particle, and each energy pit is proportional to the frequency. This day is regarded as the birth day of quantum theory, and Planck is also known as the "father of quantum theory".

The title of Sun Yuanqi's paper is "The Functional Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Optical Wavelength". Because neither Rayleigh nor Planck have yet to derive their own laws at this time, the whole text is divided into two parts: the first part is to follow the path taken by Rayleigh-Kings and others, according to the principle of energy equalization in classical physics, and strictly derive the Rayleigh-Kings law, but it is pointed out that the law is consistent with the experimental results in the long-wave region, but there are problems in the short-wave region, and when the wavelength is close to the ultraviolet, the calculated energy is infinite! It is believed that there are certain problems with classical physics. In the second part, Planck's interpolation formula is derived according to Planck's direction, and it is further believed that energy can be divided into equal parts of energy particles.

After the paper was written, Sun Yuanqi mailed it to Science in the United States. Because the conjecture of "energy particles" in the paper is contrary to the long-standing belief in classical physics that "all natural processes are continuous", the old "Nature" may scoff at the latter part of the article, and it is very likely that the last paragraph about energy particles will be deleted. Science, on the other hand, may be more open to such ideas.

A few days after the paper was sent, both the Kyoshi University Hall and Chongshi Middle School opened. The students of Chongshi Middle School were already familiar with Sun Yuanqi, and knew that he had moved to a new house, and he came more frequently every day. The curriculum is still set at the beginning of the last semester, step by step, and the textbook is also compiled little by little. However, the Beijing Normal University Hall, which had just been established, had students from all over the world, and they didn't know how far they had reached physics, which made Sun Yuanqi very worried.

Before the start of school, I took the time to visit Ding Yunliang again. Ding Yunliang spoke very directly: "These freshmen are all talents sent by various provinces, and it is good to recite the "Four Books" and "Five Classics"; I don't know anything about physics. ”

Sun Yuanqi had no choice but to put them at the level of the first grade of Chongshi Middle School.

Taking advantage of this opportunity, I discussed the curriculum of physics with this old colleague: in the first year, I talked about mechanics and acoustics in physics; In the second year, he lectured on heat and optics; In the third year, he taught electricity and magnetism; In the fourth year, he taught "The Sequential Method of Teaching Physics", the predecessor of the physics teaching method. Each week is 3 hours, divided into three 1 hours each, taking into account the first time I am learning physics.

The plan has been decided, and Sun Yuan went back to prepare. In the past six months or so, Sun Yuanqi has been able to recognize and write a lot of traditional Chinese characters, but when he lists books, he will write simplified characters - students think it is "white characters" - and the writing is clumsy, at least compared to the neat and beautiful fly-headed Xiaokai of the students. Nowadays, what I am preparing for class is to consider the question of which words should be written on the board.

On the twentieth day of the first month of the 25th year of Guangxu, the Beijing Normal University Hall officially opened.

There are two places in the university hall, that is, the physics classroom, which are prepared for two groups of scholars, the middle school and the middle school. According to the view of Chinese teacher Xi Xu Jingcheng, "I know the way to arithmetic, and then pass the grade, chemistry and other things", that is, learn mathematics first, and then consider learning physics and chemistry. At present, only the students of the Academy have a good score in mathematics and can study physics directly when they are selected.

When the school started in November last year, the textbooks had already been distributed, and they were the ones that Sun Yuanqi presented to Sun Jianai, and the cover was still "Elementary Physics Textbook", but the title page was changed to "Written by Mr. Sun Yuanqi Baixi, published by Beijing Normal University". Sun Yuan saw it, so he could only laugh.

Even though his nerves had been trained to be extremely thick in Chongshi Middle School before, Sun Yuanqi was still surprised when he walked into the Gezhi Lecture Hall of Shi Academy: there were more than 20 people sitting under the podium, the younger ones were also 20 years old, and the older ones were afraid of being thirty or forty years old, most of them had beards, and they looked getting older and older. In addition to inkstones and brushes, there is also a set of three physics textbooks in front of everyone. Some are brand new, and they seem to have never been opened; Some of them have been sharpened, and I think they are often flipped. But in any case, it is very well preserved. When they saw themselves coming in, they all stared at Sun Yuanqi with amazement.

Sun Yuanqi glanced at it roughly, and said in a dry voice: "Hello everyone, my name is Sun Yuanqi, and the word Baixi ......"

While Sun Yuanqi was amazed by his older students, the students were no less shocked than he was. Many years later, when someone wrote an article recalling this time, they could not hide their surprise at that time. The article says:

In the middle of the winter of the 24th year, the textbooks of various subjects will be issued first. After reading it, there are many clichés in various books of literature and history, which are nothing more than loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness; And the Western books, too half of them are translated from the West, and it is difficult to understand their meanings. Only the teaching material of Gezhi, called "physics", was wrong at first. And open the volume, it is illustrated and illustrated, full of fun, philosophical in the shallow, hidden in the plain, and there is no sense of glue, because of the convincing heart. is so shallow and deep, it is not a giant hand in this way. According to the author, he signed "Mr. Sun Yuanqi Baixi", thinking that he was an academic senior. However, when asked by his peers, Xianyun didn't know.

In the first month of the spring of the 25th year, the university class opened, and all the students were looking forward to it. As soon as the class bell rang, a young man flew in, with a slender figure, a fair face, bright eyes, and a beautiful man. Everyone thought they were classmates at first. and went to the podium, and thought it was a teaching assistant. has opened his mouth and said: "A certain Sun Yuanqi is also, the word Baixi." A stunned, relatively dumbfounded. It is said that there are people who are born to know, and they do not believe in it at the beginning. Looking at Mr. Sun today, you believe it!

……

Sun Yuanqi naturally didn't know the shock of the students, because it was the first class, and it was facing a group of older young people, so the content of the lecture was relatively broad and rich. First, the subject scope and practical role of physics will be introduced, then the basic framework and main content of classical physics will be introduced, then the main ideas and object-oriented aspects of textbook writing will be explained, and finally the learning objectives of this semester will be introduced. In this way, the whole world and the north are connected, and the first class is over. Sun Yuanqi finally said: "In the first class, we mainly explained what physics is and what it can do; Then understand what you want to learn and what you want to do. From the next lesson, we will officially start teaching mechanics, and I hope you can preview the first five pages of the mechanics fascicle of the textbook. That's it. ”

Seeing that the students below were quiet and had no questions, they sorted out their speeches and walked out of the classroom. Zhao Jingxing heard the bell for the end of class, and had already run to the door to wait, and when he saw Sun Yuanqi coming out, he took the manuscript and put it in his schoolbag, followed Sun Yuanqi's back, and gradually walked away.

"Coax-" The students in the lecture hall suddenly changed their usual calm posture and discussed loudly, as if they could not express their surprise if they did not speak loudly:

"Oh my God! This Mr. Sun is too young! ”

"Rejuvenation?"

"Did you see his scholar? It is estimated that he is only eleven or twelve years old, and he is definitely not much older! ”

……

Four of them were in a circle in the corner, and a well-dressed young man said, "This lesson is really interesting, but I don't know if it's wrong?" ”

"It's a matter of asking for credit." Another person replied, "Gongxian, how is this young gentleman?" ”

The young man named "Gongxian" frowned: "It should be good." It's just that he knows more than me, and I'm not as good as him, so it's not good to evaluate......"

"Since the first ones said that it was good, it must be good!" The first young man nodded, "However, this gentleman is also young, isn't he?" If you say that it is our students, I am afraid that some people will believe it! ”

"What nonsense!" The person who had not spoken opened his mouth and reprimanded, probably because he was older, and there was an atmosphere of a big brother when he spoke, "The dignity of the teacher, do you know?" A teacher for one day, a father for life! ”

The two or three of them said "yes" one after another. After a while, it was the first young man to speak: "Sir is so young, he can write books and speak and teach on stage, but I don't know if it is a family study or a talent?" ”

The person named "Gongxian" thought for a moment and said, "It is said that this Mr. Sun is the nephew of Master Sun, a scholar who co-organized the university. Master Sun is the champion of Xianfeng's nine years, so it is very likely that the family history is very likely. It's just that our gentleman is learning Gezhi, and it's unlikely that he will learn from home......"

"Ho! Sun Zhongtang's nephew? But this young gentleman has no extravagance. The second speaker interjected.

"Hmm. Having said that, Mr.'s official speech is excellent, but you can also hear that it is a Jianghuai accent, and Yiyue and Sun Shouzhou are the same place. The nephew said that it is certainly not a water without a source or a tree without roots. The old "big brother" spoke his own judgment.

"Forget it, I'm ready to go to the next class! Anyway, if you have more time to meet in the future, it will always come to light. The first young man stood up and put away pen, ink, paper, and inkstone.

Everyone got up and packed up for the next class.

The Jingshi University Hall is very close to Sun Yuanqi's residence in Shichahai, which can be reached in minutes, not as far as Chongshi Middle School. When I came back from the first class at Beijing Normal University, it was not yet 11 o'clock in the morning.

As soon as I arrived at the door, I saw Caizhu holding the front in his hand, watching Zhao Jingfan, Zheng Jingxian, Zheng Jingyi, and the four children of Red Hearts playing. Caizhu has been here for two or three months, because the diet can keep up, and the people are also in a lot of energy, looking at it is a simple country girl, but she is shy and tight, and she doesn't talk much. Especially when talking to Sun Yuanqi, he often blushes and his ears are red.

Sun Yuanqi asked casually: "Haven't they started school yet?" ”

"School starts? They don't go to school. Caizhu stood up and was blessed.

"Not going to school?" Sun Yuanqi patted his head and remembered that the Qing Dynasty did not have nine-year compulsory education. After thinking about it for a while, he asked Zhao Jingxing to call Lao Tong, Lao Zhao, and Lao Zheng to discuss this matter with them.

Lao Tong and the others were chatting at home, and immediately rushed over. Sun Yuanqi talked about these children going to school. Lao Zhao spoke first: "I know that Mr. has good intentions." Our family can be fed and clothed, all thanks to Mr.'s great virtue, so what can we trouble Mr. again? Besides, the two babies in my family are very skinny, how can they read into the book? Like Mr., they are all Wenqu stars. ”

It has been two months since Lao Zhao's family arrived at Sun's Mansion, and although they let them speak Mandarin on the first day, it is really difficult to change the dialect that they have spoken for decades all at once, and they only speak awkwardly. On the contrary, it is a few children, and it is already a standard Beijing film.

Lao Zheng also said: "We all know that Mr. is kind, but the child is not that material, let's let them learn to serve Mr." ”

Lao Tong said sullenly on the side: "What is the use of reading?" The sour show on the street is so hungry that he can't straighten his waist, so he might as well be a guy running in the hall! - Sir, I don't mean you! You are a family student. ”

After listening to these people's "theory that reading is useless", Sun Yuanqi was a little angry: "Then they just keep going like this?" ”

Lao Zheng nodded: "Since I was a child, I have been serving the eldest young master of Elder Sun; is older, and serves the third young master; Now, it's time to serve you, sir. When Jingxian grows up, he will still serve you. Isn't that great? I don't know how many people out there envy it! ”

Lao Zhao and Lao Tong both nodded and said, "Not bad!" ”

Sun Yuanqi had to change his words: "I don't even know a word, how can I serve people?" ”

Lao Zhao shook his head: "Serving people, what are you doing with literacy?" ”

After all, Lao Tong is from the root of the imperial city, and seeing that Sun Yuanqi's tone is not good, he said: "Mr. Sun is a scholar, and in the future, there will be dignitaries and foreigners from the East and the West to visit, if the people around him are illiterate, it is really unreasonable." In this way, Mr. Sun can't do without people around him, and Jing Xing will follow first; Jing Fan and Jing Xian were sent to the primary school first. Isn't there an elementary school in Kyoto University? That's it. ”

"What about Jing Yi and hearts?" Sun Yuanqi felt that Lao Tong had two of them.

Lao Tong was strange: "What kind of school does the girl go to?!" ”

Sun Yuanqi remembered: This is the end of the Qing Dynasty, and a woman is virtuous if she is not talented!

Lao Zhao was strange on the side: "Isn't Mr. Sun the gentleman from the Beijing Normal University Hall?" Pointing at those two babies at home every day, isn't it okay? Why are you so troublesome, what kind of university hall or elementary school hall are sent! ”

Lao Zheng and Lao Tong thought about it, too, and they all agreed with Lao Zhao's statement.

Sun Yuanqi thinks about it, primary school is nothing more than Chinese, mathematics, and at most nature and foreign languages, which are not difficult for us! He said, "All right!" Jing Xing doesn't have to follow me, he learns to read and write first. Since they are in their own home, they are not so particular, and Jing Yi and hearts also come. That's it! ”

In this way, the school, which was later called the Experimental Elementary School Affiliated with the Private Jingsei University, was established. Initially, there were only five students, three men and two women. However, it was grandly recorded in the "History of Chinese Education", and scholars believe that this is the first coeducational school in modern China, creating a new chapter in the history of Chinese education.

But Sun Yuanqi didn't know this, but just told Lao Zheng to find a room with bright windows in the courtyard now, Lao Zhao and Lao Tong prepared tables and chairs, and he returned to the study and began to write textbooks for primary school Chinese, mathematics, nature, and English. It's not difficult, the main thing is to be lively and interesting. Fortunately, the textbooks of my time have already done this, as long as the memories are written silently. And these children are like blank sheets of paper, and it is also easier for them to receive this education.

Because it's my own person, I don't pay so much attention to it. Soon, the next day, the "Sun Mansion Private School" started, just like the historical records of later generations, there were only five students sitting in the classroom at first, three men and two women. The first class is Chinese, and the learning is neither the "Three Character Classic", nor the "Hundred Family Names" and "Thousand Character Text", but the standard Chinese pinyin alphabet.

The name of hearts, Sun Yuanqi feels awkward every time he sounds: "Hearts? That's playing cards! Taking advantage of the start of school, I changed her name to Song Jingyao.

Sun Yuanqi is in Chongshi Middle School and Jingshi University Hall, plus this primary school hall, ho! Universities, middle schools and primary schools are readily available. In addition to attending classes every day, I also prepare for classes, revise homework, and most importantly, write textbooks for Chongshi Middle School and Primary School. In this way, the work of compiling, teaching, and revising teaching materials is also tied together. I was so busy every day that my feet didn't touch the ground.

Because of the time of teaching in the primary school, there must be a conflict with the other two schools. When he was away, he asked the children to recite the Three Character Sutra. I thought: It is also good to let the children memorize some basic Mongolian textbooks of Chinese culture while receiving new education, right?

After less than two weeks, Lao Tong came over, replied shyly, and said, "Mr. Sun, please have a ...... for you."

Sun Yuan couldn't see Lao Tong like this: "Look at it! Who of us is with whom, there is something to say! Short on money? Still is...... Want to go back to the university? ”

Lao Tong shook his head again and again: "This mansion is good, I don't want to go anywhere!" There is no shortage of money, there is food and drink here, I have saved all the money given by Mr. Sun, there is no shortage of money, there is no shortage of money! ”

"What's that?"

"That...... Hey, the old face is out! Lao Tong's yellow and black skin turned red, "I have a few nephews and grandchildren, and they are about the same age as these children in the yard." I saw that our elementary school was open, and your learning was so good, so I wondered if they could come? You see, you're so good to Lao Tong, I haven't had a chance to repay you, and I've added this kind of thing to you, Lao Tong, I-"

Sun Yuanqi understood: "That's it?" A sheep is also herded, and a flock of sheep is also herded. Bring it! ”

The next day, Lao Tong led three boys, the eldest was eleven or twelve years old, about the same as Zhao Jingxing; The younger two are both eight or nine years old, similar to Zhao Jingfan. He was followed by two middle-aged men in their thirties, driving a big car. Listening to Lao Tong's introduction, it turned out that they were all Lao Tong's nephews and parents of the children.

When they met, they asked the child to kowtow to Sun Yuan, saying that he was an apprentice. Sun Yuanqi reluctantly explained: "The primary school does not pay attention to this ......"

The cart pulled rice noodles and a few catties of deer breast, which is the legendary "bundle". Sun Yuanqi knew that the family's life was not well-off, so he didn't want to excuse himself. Lao Tong said that this was for himself, because the child had to live here during school. Sun Yuanqi thought to himself: Aren't you eating with all of us? At the moment, it's hard to say anything. had to let Lao Tong leave his things behind.

Since Sun Yuanqi accepted the three children, he asked them what their names were.

Lao Tong interjected: "Countryman, what do you know? It's just a random name, and it can't be elegant. Look at the names of Lao Zheng and Lao Zhao's children, it's really elegant! The name of the child, please ask Mr. Sun to bother. ”

Sun Yuanqi pointed his finger at himself and said suspiciously: "You want me to name it?" ”

Lao Tong smiled: "Naturally, Mr. Sun, your knowledge is first-class." ”

In this way, there are three more boys in the primary school: Tong Jingren, Tong Jingzhi, and Tong Jingsheng.

Every day in the primary school class, Caizhu, the eldest daughter of the old Zhao family, sat outside the classroom with a needle and thread. I don't know if it's to be a female celebrity or to attend classes. Later, I heard Zhao Jingfan say that when he went back to do his homework every day, his sister was watching from the sidelines, and if he made a mistake or couldn't do it, his sister could tell it. Sun Yuanqi thought to himself: Isn't this a sincere desire to learn? So, he recruited Caizhu into the class again. Caizhu is already a big girl, and she is still a little shy, but it took a long time to get used to it.

Caizhu saw that the room was full of "Jing" characters, and her name was also very indecent, so she asked her second brother Zhao Jingfan to beg the teacher to change her name. So, there was a female student named "Zhao Jinghui" in the class.

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