Roman citizenship, citizens are bound only by the law, ignoring authority, all citizens, equal status. Pen~Fun~Pavilion www.biquge.info No matter what nationality or culture, as long as you have Roman citizenship, you are a Roman. And this sense of citizenship is the embodiment of a true sense of nationhood. I am a citizen of this country. The master of this country, this country, mine, is mine. The democracy of Rome was that of the slave owners, and the slaves and the people of the conquered territories had no citizenship rights.

Citizenship may be granted to natural persons (the citizens and children mentioned below refer to men only): ・The legitimate children of Roman citizens automatically acquire full Roman citizenship. But in some times of Roman history, this automatic grant required that the father must be a Roman citizen and the mother must have inadequate Roman citizenship; In other times, it was sufficient for the father to have full Roman citizenship or for the mother to have insufficient Roman citizenship. ・Freedmen (freed slaves) automatically have partial citizenship rights; But in some respects they still owe certain obligations to their former owners, and the former owners automatically become their patrons. Soldiers of the auxiliary forces were awarded full Roman citizenship upon completion of their service, and their children were automatically granted full Roman citizenship. ・Only Roman citizens could be conscripted and serve in the legions. However, a citizen who is in military service is deprived of the right to marry in his or her civil service, and during his or her military service a citizen cannot legally marry unless otherwise specifically permitted. Therefore, children born to citizens during their military service are not granted full citizenship rights. However, if a citizen enters into a legal marriage with the mother of the child after being discharged from the army, the citizenship of the child may be recognized. Natural persons who have rendered outstanding service to Rome may be granted full citizenship. ・Natural persons can also purchase Roman citizenship at a very high price. Citizens of the Latin Confederation gradually acquired full citizenship rights. After the establishment of the empire, Roman citizenship continued to expand to various provinces, initially due to the lack of soldiers; In the third century, Emperor Caracalla issued the Edict of Antony, which granted full citizenship to all freedmen living in the empire, but citizenship was no longer of great significance. Roman citizenship is not exactly the same for individual natural persons in all eras, but in general, full Roman citizenship should include the following components.

【Main Powers】:

- The right to vote (Iussuffragiorum): Roman citizens had the right to participate in various political meetings in Rome and to vote.

・Iushonorum: Roman citizens had the right to run for election and hold public office in the state.

・Iuscommercii: Roman citizens had the right to legally own land, property, and legally enforceable contracts.

・The right to intermarry (Iusconnubii): the right of Roman citizens to freely enter into legal marriages with Roman citizens; the right to be the head of the Roman household (paterfamilia); The right of the child to acquire full Roman citizenship on his own accord.

The right of movement (Iusmigrationis): when a person with Roman citizenship moves his place of residence, he automatically acquires citizenship of the Roman colonial city as long as he settles permanently in the city; The same goes for Latin citizens. However, this power does not protect the movement between cities with different levels of citizenship, for example, if a Roman citizen moves from a Roman colony to a Latin colony, his full Roman citizenship (CiveRomanioptimo Iure) will be reduced to Latin citizenship (iusLatini), so this cross-regional transfer needs to be voluntary.

[Ancillary rights]: ・Exemption rights: Roman citizens had the right to be exempt from paying certain taxes, and they had the right not to comply with certain local laws and regulations.

・Right to litigate: Roman citizens had the right to file and respond to lawsuits before the courts.

・Right to stand trial: The conviction of a Roman citizen must be tried by a formal court, and the citizen has the right to defend himself in public during the trial.

・Criminal immunity: Roman citizens had the right to be exempt from torture and flogging, nor could they be sentenced to death unless the citizen was proven guilty of treason. Roman citizens accused of treason had the right to choose to appear in Rome, and if convicted of treason, Roman citizens should not be crossed.

・Other rights stipulated in the Iusgentium According to the above articles of citizenship, we can roughly divide the permanent residents of Roman territory as follows: • Roman citizens (CiveRomanioptimo Iure): to enjoy the privileges of full citizenship and, of course, to fulfill the obligations of citizenship; Citizenship can be denied for specific reasons, such as treason. • Female Roman Citizens (Cives Romaninonoptimo Iure): Roman women enjoyed inadequate citizenship rights, and in general, they were more like a separate class of Roman society - despite all the courtesies and respects, Roman women never received full citizenship - they did not have the right to vote (Iussuffragiorum) and honor (Iushonorum), so they could not vote or hold public office; But they are able to legally own property and donate to public works. In addition, in Roman politics, marriage was often a common practice of political alliances, and Roman women, even in the last years of the Five Sages Dynasty, would be ordered by their own families to divorce and remarry to achieve the purpose of political marriage.