It is said that most of this group of security guards were Boxers who had taken refuge in Sun's house, and the rest were brought by Lao Zhao and them from Shandong. The villagers are familiar with each other, and when they are usually together, they will inevitably squeeze their eyebrows and say something that they don't know the importance of.

When I saw Sun Yuanqi take Jing Xing and Jing Fan into the playground, they no longer had that cleverness, and they were all like the little daughter-in-law who had just passed the door, restrained. In addition, he was wearing dirty cotton clothes, standing there crookedly with his sleeves folded, like a group of bandits.

Since Sun Yuanqi became a teacher in the Qing Dynasty, because he was too young and afraid that his students would look down on him, he usually deliberately put on the dignity of the teacher in every word and deed in school, and his face was also dignified and dignified. After pretending to be for a long time, it is inevitable that it will become natural, even in the face of Lao Zhao, Jing Xing, and Jing Fan, it is difficult to have the image of a student who jumped out of the way and laughed arbitrarily when he first entered the Qing Dynasty. But it's also good, for example, right now, these security guards are scared when they see them.

Sun Yuanqi stood still in front of this group of people, and those people immediately snorted unevenly: "Morning, master!" ”

Looking at this procrastinating portrait, Sun Yuanqi frowned slightly, and didn't say anything: "You guys are also early!" Stand up! ”

"Thank you, Master!" This time it's much neater.

Sun Yuanqi got straight to the point and said: "Everyone knows that the county government has a servant, and the landlord has a caretaker. Our school is relatively remote, forty miles from the city. Although there are not many valuable things, there are many teachers and students, and if no one patrols and protects, there will definitely be lawbreakers who come to make trouble. You security guards are the ones who protect the safety of teachers and students in the school, and your role is very important. ”

"Since you are a security guard, you must have a certain style of rules and style, pay attention to walking like the wind, standing like a pine, sitting like a clock, just looking at the behavior, so that the bad people are afraid. Moreover, you guard the school gate, and the first thing others see when they enter the school is not how the school environment is, how the teachers and students are, but you! If you look sluggish and crooked, no matter who you are, you will first look down on three parts in your heart. But if he is heroic and majestic, when others see him, they will naturally be in awe of Mr. School. In other words, you are the face of the school! It's a safe and secure school! You are very important to the school, so I will train you myself! ”

Sure enough, after some encouragement, this group of simple-minded young people suddenly became a little enthusiastic, and they all clenched their fists, wanting to perform well.

"In view of your importance to the school, the school will give you four sets of clothes and two pairs of shoes every year, and you have to wear them to work on weekdays. In the second half of the year, I will train you to use foreign guns, and maybe there will be foreign guns in the future! If you do well in training, your monthly salary will increase by a big ocean! "Spiritual encouragement does not last long, so material rewards are needed in addition to this.

This group of young men who have not been deeply involved in the world were so excited that they shouted loudly, hoping that this Mr. Sun would immediately teach him a few ways of punching and kicking, so he put on new clothes, stood outside the school gate and raised his chest and eyebrows, earning a big face for the school.

Having said everything that needs to be said, let's get down to business. These security guards are all from the countryside, they don't know much about words, let alone what military posture and queue don't understand, even if they are left and right, they may not be clear to everyone. This is also the reason why Sun Yuanqi brought Jing Xing and Jing Fan together: he usually looks like a teacher with dignity, but he can't be like this group of people, crawling on the playground, so that other teachers and students can see it, which is naturally extremely indecent. With the two of them, just teach them, and then let the two of them scrape and train the security guards, and it will be "civilized". Even if there is a deviation in the meantime, you can correct it at any time.

At that moment, he first instructed Jing Xing and Jing Fan to divide these thirty people into six groups and arrange them according to their height. Don't look at these two boys who are only in their teens, their heads are very bright, and they immediately follow the instructions: "You, stand here!" Come and stand here! ”

This group of security guards was also really obedient, and after listening to the instructions, they quickly arrived in place. Three down five divided by two, there are 6 squads on the playground.

Then, Sun Yuanqi said: "You get to know each other first, and then choose a captain from among them." In the future, every team must stand like this, and they can't mess around! ”

The people of these six teams did not dare to speak, but just looked back and forth at the people in their own team. Sun Yuanqi couldn't, so he had to temporarily designate six people as the team leader. Knowing that these people couldn't touch too many things for a while, at that moment, commanding Jing Xing and Jing Fan, they took 3 teams to run a few laps on the playground and ended the first day of training.

After that, the military training is just broken and kneaded, and a little bit is taught every day, military posture, queue, turning in all directions, stepping in unison, stepping forward, squatting and running, and crawling in three postures...... Slow work makes fine work. Later, Sun Yuanqi had to give lectures, and Jing Xing and Jing Fan also had to go to school, and they had to practice in the morning and evening. The rest of the time, they can only train on their own. Fortunately, these Shandong men are honest, can endure hardships, and are not lazy, plus the comparison between various squads, after more than a month, there are actually some soldiers.

This military training was just a small episode for Sun Yuanqi, and he soon got into other affairs, such as Vera and Lilith's parents came, accompanied by colleagues from MIT and Yale.

Many things, before they happen, may be very flustered. When it really happens, it's peaceful. Sun Yuanqi is like this, at this moment, he took Vera, Lilith, and the group of security guards to wait for the group of Americans at the Qianmen train station, and his heart was not shocked. Vera and Lilith shivered a little at a loss of fear or cold. Sun Yuanqi had no choice but to hold one in one hand and whisper some gossip to solve it.

Lilith's parents were the first to come out, as Lilith had already embraced her mother. Lilith's father, Mr. Bergman, a lawyer with a kind face, came over to shake Sun Yuanqi's hand and said hello.

And then Vera's mom and dad. Vera's father, Mr. Coster, was the principal of the middle school, and his smile was a little serious, and he nodded stiffly at Sun Yuanqi and passed. Mrs. Coster took Vera's hand and asked long and short questions, and tears quickly flowed.

The last most of them are colleagues from MIT and Yale. Compared with the embarrassment of the previous two encounters, this time it was much warmer, everyone hugged while greeting the New Year, occasionally made a few jokes, and was full of the joy of reunion.

Vera, Lilith and their respective parents got into the carriage, and Sun Yuanqi naturally didn't want to come forward to find it uncomfortable, so he got into a car with two or three colleagues from MIT and Yale. When the carriage ran out of the Beijing car, these people lowered the curtain and retracted their reluctant gaze.

"It's an ancient, wonderful, magical country, isn't it?" Sun Yuanqi knew the middle-aged man who spoke, he was a Kassel professor from MIT.

"yes" "yes". The other two also praised the ancient and majestic city of Beijing.

"Thanks for the compliment." Sun Yuanqi smiled: "Then I hope you have a good time in China!" ”

"Yes, we will." Cassel nodded, "I would like to ask, how far is your school from the city of Beijing?" ”

"It's about 20 kilometers, and it takes two hours by horse-drawn carriage." Sun Yuanqi replied.

"Ah, that's right." Professor Cassel said with a smile, and after finishing a trick, he took out a magazine from his baggage: "Why don't you take this time and tell us about your 'quantum mechanics'!" ”

Hearing Professor Kassel's words, the two people sitting next to him also quickly took out a copy from their luggage and skillfully turned the first page......

Sun Yuanqi was stunned: "Ah, that article has been published?" ”

As he spoke, he took the book from one of them, and when he looked closely, it was the first issue of Science in 1902. Come to think of it, first the Western New Year, and then the Chinese New Year, there was a delay on the way, so Sun Yuanqi never got the sample. On the contrary, scholars from the United States can get the magazine first. After flipping through a few pages at random, it seems that the "Science" magazine has completely immune to Sun Yuanqi's manuscript, except for a few minor corrections in spelling and grammar, and directly reproduced the original text. Two hundred pages thick, like a book. This time, there is no article without relevant commentators, only an editor's note, which roughly means that this is Professor Johnson's latest research results, which is very forward-looking, but the editors also cannot read a lot of it, and hope that readers can discern for themselves.

Sun Yuanqi returned the magazine to the man and asked casually, "Have you read it?" ”

All three shook their heads firmly. One of them even said: "We went from the East Coast to the West Coast of the United States, and many professors read this magazine, but none of them claimed to understand it." From the West Coast of the United States to the East Coast of China, several of our colleagues also gathered together to study carefully, and the result became more and more difficult to understand......"

"Well, you guys don't understand." Sun Yuan nodded from the beginning, this paper is a synthesis of the achievements of seven winners of the five Nobel Prizes in physics, almost all the achievements of the development of quantum mechanics in the first four decades of the twentieth century, and is the crystallization of the wisdom of countless physical geniuses. And since its inception, it has been torturing countless post-students. How could a physicist at the beginning of the twentieth century understand it by reading it? This is a fundamental conceptual innovation.

The three people sitting next to him didn't know what Sun Yuanqi was thinking, and they were all stunned when they heard the words.

"For example, the light you mentioned in your paper has wave-particle duality, how can light be both a wave and a particle?" The young scholar named Dracula asked with a puzzled face, pointing to a passage in the book.

"The same man can be both a son and a father. Light has wave-particle duality, so what's so strange about it? Sun Yuanqi asked rhetorically, "You can have doubts about this theory, but you can accept it first, because you will understand their true meaning in the next thirty or forty years." ”

"By the way," Professor Cassel suddenly remembered, "when we arrived, Professor Martin of UC Berkeley asked us to say hello to you, saying that he had read your article and was preparing to put into practice the experimental scheme you had proposed in one of your papers!" ”

"Ah, Professor Martin! Is he okay? Sun Yuanqi then shook his head, "I'm afraid he may not be able to make a result this time." ”

"Why?" The three asked in unison.

"The current technology is too backward." Sun Yuanqi didn't want to dwell too much on this issue, so he asked Dracula, "How are you studying the physical and chemical properties of radon?" ”

Dracula, from the Elements Laboratory at Yale University, replied: "According to the original plan, the study of the deterministic and random effects of radon radiation has been largely completed, and a series of results have been achieved, which provide a scientific basis and corresponding solutions for future radiation protection." In addition, after the discovery of two new elements, radon and lutetium, the university is very satisfied with the achievements of the Element Laboratory since its establishment two years ago, and everyone is very excited. ”

Around 1900, scientists from all over the world conducted a lot of research on nuclear radiation, but they did not know anything about the damage that radiation could cause, and they had no awareness of protection. At the beginning of the establishment of the Element Laboratory, Sun Yuanqi pointed out the dangers of nuclear radiation and reminded everyone to strengthen self-protection. Especially after the discovery of radon, the deterministic effect and random effect of nuclear radiation represented by it have become the top priority of the research topic.

"That's good, recently I found that there is a new element in uranium ore that has not been discovered according to the periodic table and actual scientific research. When the school settles down, we'll talk about the plan. "Sun Yuanqi is talking about protactinium with atomic number 91, which is a natural radioactive element.

Physicists and chemists are constantly discovering new things in the process of studying the radioactivity of matter. In 1900, when Crookes extracted uranium from uranium ore, he added ammonium carbonate to a uranium salt solution to precipitate uranium and iron together, and after filtration, redissolved uranium with excess ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide, and found that the residual iron hydroxide was still strongly radioactive. He believed that there was a new radioactive element in the insoluble matter remaining in the iron hydroxide, so he called it UraniamX, or uranium X. Almost at the same time, Becquerel added barium chloride to a solution of uranium salts, which he then precipitated in sulfate, and also found that barium sulfate showed radioactivity, which puzzled him.

By 1913, Polish-born American chemist Fajans and his assistant Goering confirmed that uranium X was a mixture of two components, called uranium X1 and uranium X2. They also made it clear that uranium X2 is a new radioactive element located between thorium and uranium, and named it Brevium, with the element symbol Bv. The word comes from the Greek word for "short-lived" because of its short lifespan. Some of us translate it as 鈚, and some of us translate it as 鋍. Later uranium X was called uranium X1.

In 1912, German physicists Geiger and Retal discovered that uranium emits two groups of a particles, each group of radiation range and speed are different, and believe that uranium is composed of two different components, and call them Uranium I (UI, that is, uranium I) and Uranium II (UII., that is, uranium II.) respectively. It was not until 1921 that the German radiochemist Hahn discovered a radioactive element called UraniumZ (UZ), that is, uranium Z, and proved that it and uranium X2 were isotopes to each other.

In 1917, Sody and Cranston discovered a radioactive element from the residue of bituminous uranium mines, which they named Ekatantalum because of its similar properties to tantalum.

In the same year, Hahn and Meitner (female) also discovered a radioactive element from the same mine, named Protoactinium. The word comes from the Greek words protos (origin) and actinium (actinium), which means that it can be transformed into actinium, which is the "origin" or "mother" of actinium, and the element symbol is Pa. We translate it as protactinium.

These circumstances dazzled the scientists of the time. They recognized the decay of radioactive elements, developed the concept of isotopes, and discovered element 91, which is located between elements 90 thorium and 92 uranium.

It is they who gradually shed light on this dizzying situation, one by one. Natural uranium contains three isotopes: uranium-238, uranium-235 and uranium-234, of which uranium-238 is the largest, accounting for 99% I. Uranium-238; UII. is uranium-234. They are both A radiation, but they have different half-lives. Uranium-238 emits a-rays, which are converted into another element, Uranium X, later called Uranium X1, an isotope of thorium, thorium-234.

Uranium X2 is also known as brevium. The two are different isotopes of the same element, and the brevium discovered by Fajans and Goering is protactinium-234; The protoactinium discovered by Hahn and Meitner was protoachtinium-231. It's just that the name Protoactinium was accepted, and Brevium was not. Similarly, the tantalum-like Ekatantaum found by Sody and Cranston is protactinium-231. They would have been found from the same mineral.

The uranium Z discovered by Hahn is also protactinium-234. However, it is different from the half-life of uranium X2, which has a half-life of 1.14 minutes and is unstable in nature and can be converted into uranium Z, while uranium Z has a half-life of 6.7 hours and is relatively stable in nature. They are like two different elements, but they have the same mass number of 234 and the same number of nuclear charges, so they cannot be regarded as different elements, nor can they be regarded as isotopes of each other, which are called nuclearisomers, which we have translated as homonuclear anisomers.

It seems that this is not the main question of who discovered protactinium first.

In 1917 it was founded by Ddy and Cranston (. Cranston), Hahn () and Itner were discovered on their own. It was not until 1927 that the German chemist Gross (. Grosse) was the first to isolate a 5-valent compound of 2 mg of protactinium.

This is clearly documented in the book "History of the Discovery of the Elements". What the Element Laboratory needs to do is to re-analyze the uranium ore carefully under the guidance of isotope theory and decay theory.

The discovery of new elements is an irresistible temptation for any scientist, and MIT's Kassel was a little red-eyed when he heard the news. If it is really as Sun Yuanqi said, then wouldn't the Elemental Laboratory fully meet the expectations of Yale University and attract the attention of scientists from all over the world? Dracula was a little geared up and couldn't wait.

After being happy for a while, Sun Yuanqi proposed that if the new element was formally determined, he hoped that Yale University would prepare a fund in advance to develop a particle accelerator to provide a good weapon for future nuclear physics, including the discovery of new elements.

"Particle accelerator?" The scholars on the bus had never heard of this term.

"It's an instrument that accelerates particles. It's just an immature idea on my part. Sun Yuanqi only has some preliminary ideas for this device, so he doesn't plan to go into too much detail, "Only when there is a particle accelerator, many experiments can be carried out, and many new elements can be discovered." ”

"So what are you waiting for?" The three people in the car asked questions almost in unison.

Sun Yuanqi sloppily said: "Oh, I still haven't thought about the design principle and how to design it." ”

Hearing this, the three of them looked at the magazines in each other's hands, and they were all embarrassed: Look, this is the gap! What people think about is a question that others have never thought of; As for himself, he thought about it and wrote it, but he still couldn't understand it. What did you just say? "You will understand what they really mean in the next thirty or forty years." It turns out that the difference between me and other people's big cows is not a year or two, but a distance of thirty or forty years!

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