The next day, Sun Yuan got up early, took a hot bath, and sat in the living room of the apartment wrapped in a bathrobe, drinking milk and eating breakfast while writing letters. It's been a busy day.

After the success of the experiment, Professor Martin of UC Berkeley sent him a detailed experimental report, hoping that Sun Yuanqi would send it to Science or Nature after review. Because the first author of the experiment report is Sun Yuanqi, and the second author is Martin himself. After all, the overall idea of the experiment was Sun Yuanqi, and Martin only verified the feasibility of the experiment.

Sun Yuanqi was moved by Martin's selfless spirit and felt that the experiment report really needed to be further improved, so he wanted to write a letter about it, pointing out that in this experiment, the scattered particle is a new particle that is different from α the incident particle, that is, the proton. Protons, the elementary particles that make up the nucleus, are positively charged, have an equal charge and electrons, and have a mass of 1836.5 times that of electrons. Various atoms contain different numbers of protons. Of course, the data in the letter is not so specific and accurate, and it needs to be "verified" by Martin in experiments, but the point is very clear.

Protons are the third type of particle discovered by humans after electrons and photons. Now the right to discover photons and protons is attributed to Sun Yuanqi, and just thinking about it makes me feel a sense of accomplishment.

The letter was written, changed again, and was about to transcribe it, when I heard a knock on the door. Sun Yuanqi wrinkled his good-looking eyebrows: Professor Rosie, didn't they say to come in the afternoon? Oh, I guess it's a newsboy, a salesman or something.

At that moment, he didn't have to change his clothes, so he got up in his bathrobe and went to open the door. No sooner had the door opened than it was pushed open from the outside. Pushing the door was a little girl of fourteen or fifteen years old, followed by three big girls who were like flowers.

Sun Yuanqi was at a loss for a while: "I'm sorry, I'm sorry...... I didn't know it was you...... Who are you? Let's go to the living room and sit down for a while, I want me to change into more formal clothes......"

Before he could finish speaking, he ran back to the bedroom.

The four girls were also stunned, and then burst into a crisp and pleasant laugh. As the eldest sister, Vera smiled and reproached: "Nina, you are a little rude like this, you can't be like this in the future." ”

Nina, the culprit, scratched her head shyly: "I originally wanted to keep knocking on the door, but Lilith pushed me a little to make it like this." ”

Elena said angrily, "I think Lilith did it on purpose! ”

Lilith was already immersed in the beautiful ambiguity just now, completely ignoring Elena's accusations.

Elena only waved her fist at Lilith to vent her anger.

In the more than 20 years of his life, Sun Yuanqi has not appeared in front of a group of girls wrapped in a bathrobe. Although they wear less when they are in the swimming pool, after all, everyone is like that. In the bedroom, I hurriedly changed into formal clothes before I came to the living room in embarrassment. With a shy face, he apologized to the four girls: "Ladies and gentlemen, it was really rude just now. I thought it was a newsboy, a salesman or something! I beg your forgiveness. ”

Elena was also a little embarrassed: "Professor Johnson, we took the liberty of interrupting, and it should be us who say we're sorry." ”

"Oh, Miss Rosie, you're welcome." Sun Yuanqi only knew Elena in this group, and the others were very strange, "Are these all your friends?" ”

"Yes. This is Vera," Elena began, gesturing to a girl with a clear eyebrow.

"Hello, Miss Vera!" Sun Yuanqi bowed slightly in his seat, "My English name is Yank Johnson, a university teacher. ”

"Professor Johnson, you are a famous scientist, and it is a great pleasure to meet you." Vera replied politely.

Elena continued: "This is—"

"Mr. Yank, I'm Lilith Bergman, but I guess you can call me Lily." The girl introduced herself in a crisp voice, and when she spoke, her big eyes sparkled, and her long eyelashes seemed to be able to fan out the wind, staring at Sun Yuanqi. "We already met yesterday at the train station. It's a pleasure to see you again today! ”

Sun Yuanqi had an evaluation in his heart: she is a beauty, but she is too lively. "Me too, Miss Lily." ”

Immediately afterwards, the last girl also introduced herself: "I'm Nina, I'm very happy to see you." Also, I'm sorry for what happened, I didn't mean to......"

"It's okay, beautiful Miss Nina, the point is that I'm also responsible. Let's forget about this unpleasant thing, shall we? "The little girl at the end is very cute, which reminds Sun Yuanqi of a previous sentence: Lori has three good, and her voice is soft and easy to push down." By the way, what do the four ladies drink? But when I first arrived, it seemed that there was only black tea. ”

"Let's make black tea!" "Thank you." "Okay." "Thank you very much!"

"Then four cups of black tea!" It's good, no girl messes around and orders soda.

Waiting for Sun Yuan to hurriedly brew black tea, everyone sat down. For a while, there was nothing to say, and the five of them just sat like this. Sun Yuanqi held the teacup, and through the heat rising from the milk and black tea, he began to think in his heart: Why are these four girls coming to find him?

The girl named Vera was very quiet, sipping tea carefully, tepidly, as if she was savoring the fragrance of black tea.

Elena kept her head down most of the time, only occasionally looking up at herself, glancing at Lilith, and then quickly lowering her head.

Lilith bit her lip and stared at herself without hesitation.

As for the youngest, Nina, her eyes wandered around, as if she was curious: why didn't the four say a word?

After a while, Sun Yuanqi couldn't hold it back, he still had a lot of things to do, so he had to open his mouth to break the silence: "Elena, you are looking for me, is there something wrong?" ”

Elena blushed, and she couldn't say why she had been waiting for a long time. But Nina on the side couldn't help it: "It's Lilith who has a question for you!" ”

Vera turned her face to look at Lilith, then turned around again, and continued to drink her tea without saying anything. Elena immediately shouted, "Nina, what nonsense?!" ”

Lilith, the victim, gritted her teeth: "Yes, Mr. Yank, I have a question for you!" ”

Sun Yuanqi, as a man and a master, only showed twelve points of patience and a smile on his face: "Elena, it's okay." Miss Lilith, what questions do you have for you? ”

"You...... Are you married? ”

“……！！” Sun Yuanqi was scorched on the outside and tender on the inside, like roasted chicken wings in Orleans: don't they all say that Westerners respect other people's privacy? Looking at these four girls staring at themselves and flashing their eyes with a strong desire to gossip, how can it not be like it? In the eyes of the eight embarrassed gods, Sun Yuanqi replied in a snortful manner, "It's still ...... There is no ......"

Elena, Lilith, and Nina clapped their hands at the same time: "Great! ”

"Huh? …… That's great? Sun Yuanqi felt that the girls in front of him were very likely to have crossed over after the nineties.

"And what kind of girl do you like?"

"What do you think of foreign girls?"

"I heard that Chinese men discriminate against and abuse their wives, is that true?"

"Chinese can marry many wives, you also have such plans, right?"

……

Two hours later, Sun Yuanqi sent the four satisfied girls away in a daze. People say, "Three women in one play." "These four girls are completely a "Huanzhu Gege".

It took a nap at noon to completely dispel the constant buzzing in my ears.

After getting up, I washed my face with cool water and felt much better. I picked up the letter again, read it carefully, changed it a few more times, transcribed it, put it in an envelope, and sent it out when I was free. At this time, Professor Rossi came with a group of people.

In addition to the few people I saw at the train station yesterday, there are some new faces here. After the introduction, I learned that the new faces were all big names: the president of MIT, the deans of the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, and other colleges.

A pleasantry. All of you here fully embodied the clean, concise and crisp characteristics of science and engineering, and quickly got into the theme and began to agree on the arrangements for the next two weeks:

"Professor Johnson, after our school has discussed, your itinerary is roughly as follows: ......"

"Okay, let's do it according to your arrangement, and arrange 6-7 lectures in the next two weeks. Since the content of the lecture will be different from the content in the textbook now, I have some outlines here that I hope will be sent to the audience before each lecture. As he spoke, Sun Yuanqi took out the outline he had prepared when he was at Yale not long ago from a pile of manuscripts and handed it to Professor Hardy Depp, the vice president of MIT who was closest to him, "I still have some doubts, if you give a lecture in the morning and discuss it in the afternoon, the audience will ...... No problem, right? ”

"No problem, we at MIT are all about efficiency!" Professor Depp replied in the affirmative. "Now, we'd like to discuss the collaboration with Professor Johnson—"

"Cooperation?" This can overflow the scope of Sun Yuanqi's imagination.

Professor Rossi, who has been in a supporting role since the opening, interjected at this time: "It's what you mentioned on the train, about the ...... of wireless signal transmission."

"Ah...... Oh, you're talking about radio broadcasts or something, right? Sun Yuanqi roughly remembered.

"That's right! Right! Professor Rossi nodded hurriedly, "The Italian scientist Marconi invented the space-ground wire device in 1895, improved the transmitter and receiver, and effectively increased the radio transmission distance. In 1896, the telegraph was able to cross the English Channel. In 1899, that is, the previous year, the German Braun developed a tuned receiving system that could not only eliminate interference, but also greatly improved the sensitivity, and fundamentally improved Marconi's radio system. Now, scientists from all over the world are devoting great energy to the study of radio technology. ”

Professor Depp followed: "According to Professor Rossi's report, we know that you have mature ideas about wireless signal sending, transmission, reception and other technologies, but for various reasons, they have not been experimentally proven. We believe that radio broadcasting and other technologies have broad application prospects, and we should concentrate on research to contribute to the well-being of mankind. Therefore, I am interested in reaching a cooperation intention with you, and carry out theoretical discussion and experimental research on this. ”

"......" Sun Yuanqi was completely unprepared and insufficient, so he had to explain, "I also know that radio has broad application prospects, the key is that I don't have time to invest in it now, one is about to go to McGill University in Canada to verify some academic issues with Professor Rutherford; Second, I still need to go back to China, after all, I am the principal of a school; Third, the joint laboratory with Yale University is in the early stage of preparation, and it is estimated that it will be very busy for some time to come......"

Professor Depp has obviously done a thorough investigation of this, and he seems to be convinced: "These are not problems! It is said that you and Professor Rutherford will return to China after their experiments and will come to the United States for three months each year. As you know, there's only 150 miles between Yale and MIT, so you can travel back and forth between the two schools for three months. Moreover, we can refer to the cooperation model between you and Yale University to set up a joint laboratory, and after you return to China, you can establish a corresponding laboratory in China, which is enough to ensure the smooth progress of the cooperation. ”

Sun Yuan thought about it, too, and now he is not very rich, and the funds for running a school are also stretched, it seems that the future telecom tycoons are all super-rich, if they can make a profit from radio technology, it can be regarded as tearing down the east wall and making up the west wall. After roughly recalling the courses I had learned in the past, such as analog circuits, digital circuits, and communication principles, I felt that I had some capital, and immediately replied: "In that case, then I can only use the old Chinese saying 'It is better to be respectful than obey' to thank MIT for his love." After a pause, he said, "Radio theory should be very mature, and I will write a booklet in a month or two to introduce the relevant theory." The most difficult thing is the production of the corresponding equipment - in fact, the production of the equipment is not very difficult, the key lies in the manufacturing ...... of electronic components"

In the original discipline system, electronics is a huge and difficult science and engineering major and discipline system, in which there are countless sub-disciplines, which are organically combined to form a unified whole of electronics. These branches can be divided into four categories according to their nature, namely: systems and large system technologies; basic theories and technologies; components, devices, materials and processes; Interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary disciplines. Specifically, there are communications, radio, television, radar, navigation, electronic countermeasures, computers, energy and electronic systems, electronic circuit and network analysis, microwaves, antennas, radio wave propagation, measurement, power supply, display technology, signal processing, information theory, automatic control principle, reliability theory, solid-state electronic devices and integrated circuits, vacuum electronics, electronic components, electronic materials and related production technology, quantum electronics, nuclear electronics, space electronics, biological and medical electronics, radio astronomy and radar astronomy...... Modern electronics is like a tree with lush foliage, deeply rooted in the fertile soil of basic disciplines such as applied physics, applied chemistry, and applied mathematics.

If I am not mistaken, the development of electronics should have started with electron tubes, to transistors, and then to integrated circuits. In the era before Sun Yuanqi, not to mention electron tubes, transistors were rare, and integrated circuits were used in almost all common devices. But right now, I guess even the tube hasn't come out yet, right?

Thinking of this, Sun Yuanqi had a headache and asked tentatively: "Now...... Did any physicists invent diodes and transistors? ”

"Diodes? Transistor? What is that?! Professor Rossi was confused.

Sun Yuanqi put his hand on his forehead and groaned: "The establishment of a laboratory is not so much about researching radio technology as it is about developing electronic components......

Professor Depp is not a major, he is a layman, he doesn't know the depth, and he cautiously asked: "Is this difficult?" ”

"Well, it's very difficult. It is optimistically estimated that in the next two years, we can only master radio-related theories and preliminarily complete the research and development of electronic components in the early stage; Within five years, it will be possible to complete the experiment of radio broadcasting in the laboratory; As for the real application and promotion, at least in a decade or so. Sun Yuanqi felt that this experiment would take more than ten years, and the cycle was too long, and it was estimated that MIT would also retreat.

After listening to this, Professor Rossi was excited: "It only takes more than ten years in total?" Wouldn't that be very smooth? In 1860, the Englishman Swan invented the carbon light bulb; In 1879, our great inventor, Mr. Edison, extended the life of incandescent lamps to more than forty hours; In 1882, it was discovered that it was best to use Japanese Yawata bamboo to make filament, and the Edison Electric Light Company was established; It was much after that electric light entered everyday life...... From invention to application, it took more than 20 years! ”

"Hachiman Takeko?" Although Sun Yuanqi is not very familiar with the specific time, he has heard the story since he was a child, but he is very unfamiliar with the "Hachiman Bamboo" in it, so he subconsciously asked.

"Yes! Our current light bulbs are all Japanese Hachiman bamboo. Professor Rossi pointed to the incandescent lamp on the wall of the living room.

"Or bamboo?" Sun Yuanqi was a little surprised, that is, he didn't think of using double-coil tungsten wire to make a bulb yet?

In fact, in 1910, the American Kulitz invented the tungsten light bulb; As for the double-coil tungsten light bulb, it was invented by the Japanese Junichi Miura in 1931. It was also the incandescent bulb that was later widely used around the world.

Seeing Professor Rossi nodding affirmatively, Sun Yuan was overjoyed: Well, this can be a fuss. He began to plan the relevant matters of the laboratory: "Professor Depp, if a joint laboratory is established, it is best to divide the laboratory into four sub-laboratories, one to continue to explore radio-related theories, and the other to be responsible for the research and development of related equipment; The other two specialize in the development of new electronic components, one for tubes and one for transistors. It is estimated that the start-up capital will be relatively large......"

"No problem!" MIT Principal Sitting on the side, he said, "We hope to see the detailed plan and preparation plan as soon as possible, and if we can, we can carry out the preliminary preparation work now." ”

Sun Yuanqi admired MIT's vigorous and resolute efficiency, compared to Yale, which was a bit step-by-step, so he was not polite: "I will provide the plan and preparation plan to the school within a week." Again, I hope that in the next two weeks, before I leave for McGill University, the lab responsible for developing tubes will be able to work! ”

Two weeks later, Sun Yuanqi, who was awarded an honorary doctorate of philosophy and chair professor at MIT, submitted a "Some Suggestions for Improvement on Incandescent Lamps" to the newly established Joint Laboratory of Electronics, and hurriedly left MIT and stepped on a train to McGill University. McGill University is about to begin, and Sun Yuanqi, as a chair professor, still has a course assignment, and at the same time, Rutherford has been waiting for more than a month.

In the months that followed, Dr. Yank Johnson's name shook the world's scientific community as the head of IPRT, director of the Elemental Laboratory and the Electronics Laboratory, and chair professor at Yale, MIT, McGill, and other universities:

On September 7, 1900, MIT Press published Dr. Yank Johnson's latest monograph, An Overview of Wireless Communication Systems. Immediately after the "Science" magazine published a book review, it was believed that the book "with superb theory and advanced vision, focusing on the concept of cellular, mobile radio propagation, modulation technology, multiple access technology and wireless systems and standards, and combined with the theory of all aspects of the wireless communication system to make incisive expositions and unique predictions, for the development of wireless communication technology to provide theoretical guidance, can be called the field of wireless communication 'Bible', all practitioners in the field must and must read through the book." ”

On October 23, 1900, the MIT Electronics Laboratory announced that according to Dr. Yank Johnson's plan, it would make an inflatable double-coil tungsten light bulb with an average life of more than 600 hours, which was 5~10 times that of the original bamboo light bulb.

On November 11, 1900, the MIT Electronics Laboratory licensed the newly acquired patent for the inflatable two-coil tungsten light bulb to the Edison Electric Light Company. To do so, Edison Electric Lighting will pay MIT a significant royalty, including a patent that others consider to be the "Edison effect," or the thermal electron emission effect. At the same time, Edison Electric Light established the Edison Chair Professor of Electronics at the MIT Electronics Laboratory, with Dr. Yank Johnson as the first professor.

On December 25, 1900, the Elements Laboratory at Yale University, under the leadership of Dr. Yank Johnson, announced the discovery of a new element, which was named "radon". This element is a decay product of radioactive uranium, radium and thorium, and is a noble gas. At the same time, he innovatively proposed the theory of elemental decay and the concept of "isotopes", and believed that elemental decay is a naturally occurring nuclear reaction.

On January 1, 1901, Professor Martin of the University of California, Berkeley, and Dr. Yanke Johnson jointly published an experimental report in Science, saying that a new particle, the proton, had been discovered in a previous artificial nuclear reaction. It is the elementary particle that makes up the nucleus of an atom, it is positively charged, the charge and the electrons are equal, and the various atoms contain different numbers of protons, and the mass is more than a thousand times that of electrons.

On February 14, 1901, the MIT electronics laboratory used the Edison effect to invent the thermoelectron vacuum diode, which was used to detect radio signals and had a sensitive detection and rectification effect.

On March 12, 1901, Professor Rutherford of McGill University and Dr. Yank Johnson jointly published a long paper in Nature, "The Configuration of Electrons Outside the Nucleus: From Spectrum, Energy Level to Incompatibility Principle", which proved the electron distribution mode outside the nucleus proposed in the "Principles of Chemistry" from the experimental point of view. At the same time, the "transition hypothesis" was proposed, and the quantum theory was applied to the atomic theory in a pioneering way, and the nuclear structure of the hydrogen atom and the law of hydrogen spectrum were successfully explained. Once again, quantum theory has succeeded.

On April 25, 1901, the MIT electronics laboratory made a vacuum transistor, which has the function of amplification and control, and can be used to generate high-frequency oscillation signals, so that it can replace the electric spark generator and high-frequency alternator, become the most basic and critical electric vacuum device in radio technology, and provide conditions for the development of radio technology from long wave to short wave.

……

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