After a while, Hua Feng and their study location was changed to a larger venue in the dungeon, and the scene that seemed to be real and illusory surprised people like Hua Feng who had seen the big scene for no reason.

The discovery of other planets in Galileo also had moons deepened humanity's understanding of the universe. He made a telescope with his own hands, conducted meticulous research, and pioneered modern astronomy. These discoveries were the first astronomical discoveries made using a telescope.

His attention to the fascinating celestial objects in the night sky confirmed that the Earth was not the only planet in the universe with moons, and also proved that Nicolaus Copernicus's "heliocentric theory" was correct.

Using a simple telescope and relying on individual research, Galileo gave a good understanding of the solar system, galaxies, and the vastness of the universe. The telescopes he built enabled people to observe space scenes that were previously difficult to observe, deepening people's understanding of the universe.

At the end of 1608, Galileo saw a telescope for the first time, and he soon realized that what astronomers needed most was a high-powered telescope. At the end of 1609, Galileo Galilei built a 40x double-lens telescope. It was the first telescope for astronomical observation in scientific research.

Johannes Kepler described the orbits of the planets in a paper in which Galileo believed the "heliocentric theory" of the Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus. It is dangerous to believe in the "heliocentric theory" because to believe in the "heliocentric theory", Jonano Blue

Nou was burned alive at the stake. Galileo decided to use a new telescope to map the planets more accurately, proving that Copernicus' "heliocentric theory" was correct.

Galileo used a telescope to observe the moon first. He could clearly see the mountains and valleys of the moon, the jagged edges of the moon that looked like they were cut with a serrated knife. The moon he observed was not as smooth as Aristotle and Ptolemy claimed. But the powerful Catholic Church, university teachers and scientists in Europe were convinced of the theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.

By observing the surface of the moon overnight, Galileo once again proved Aristotle's theory wrong. Galileo once proved the law of free fall motion because it contradicted Aristotle's theory, and he was dismissed from his teaching position.

Galileo's next target was Jupiter, the largest planet, and he planned to spend several months carefully mapping Jupiter's orbit. Through a telescope, Galileo observed space that man had never observed, and Jupiter was clearly observed. To his surprise, he found several moons orbiting Jupiter. Aristotle once said (and all scientists think so) that only the Earth has satellites in the universe. In the days that followed, Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter, the first to be discovered outside of Earth. Once again, he proved Aristotle's theory wrong.

However, old ideas won't fade away anytime soon. In 1616, the Catholic Church forbade Galileo from teaching and forbade him to preach Copernicus' theories. Many high-ranking leaders of the church refused to use telescopes to observe space, claiming that it was a magician's trick and that satellites only existed in telescopes.

Galileo ignored the Church's warnings and was eventually recalled to Rome by the Inquisition, where he was tortured. He was forced to retract his views and findings, and was sentenced to life in prison. In 1640, Galileo died, and before his death he did not say anything other than that his findings were correct. October 1992 – 376 years after Galileo was wrongly sentenced, the Church of Rome rehabilitates him and acknowledges his scientific discoveries.

The density of the four Galilean moons decreases with distance from Jupiter, much like the density of the planets in the solar system varies with distance from the Sun. This condition in the solar system is caused by the evaporation of lighter and volatile substances using the primordial sun as a heat source. Pollak argues that the same process took place with Jupiter and its moons, but with the primordial Jupiter

Heat source only. Jupiter currently radiates twice as much heat energy as it receives from the Sun. And in the first few million years of Jupiter's birth, Jupiter radiated an average of one hundredth of the energy radiated by the Sun today.

The surface of Europa is covered with evaporating sodium salts (which may be crystals of the usual salts). The surface of Europa, Europa, and Europa is covered with salt and sulfur to varying degrees, in addition to gravel soil and frost. Europa is basically a rock structure, and Europa's rock mass is covered with a crust made of water ice.

Based on the density of Ganymede and Ganymede, Lewis believes that no more than 15% of the rock or silicon minerals in these two moons, and most of the rest is made up of frozen water, ammonia and methane. R.A. Brown announced in 1973 that he had observed sodium gas in Io's emission spectrum, and other observers later confirmed the existence of an atmosphere composed of sodium gas and other components in Io.

This atmosphere stretches out far beyond the limits of its gravitational pull in the space around Io. It turns out that the surface of Io is covered with volatile sodium salts, which evaporate due to sunlight heating and permeate Io's orbit, forming a circular sodium cloud.

The Pioneer 10 space probe also observed a hydrogen cloud in Io's orbit that is much larger than a sodium cloud, and a vast ionosphere on the sunny side of Io that is large enough to be compared to the ionosphere of Venus and Mars.

Io by Galileo and Ma

Discovered in 1610, the IUS is the fifth of Jupiter's known moons and the third largest of them, the closest to Jupiter among the moons discovered by Galileo, it is slightly larger than the Earth's moon and unlike the moons of the outer solar system, Europa and Europa are similar in composition to terrestrial planets, mainly composed of hot silicate rocks. Recent data from Galileo indicate that Europa has an iron core with a radius of at least 900 kilometers (possibly mixed with iron-containing sulphides).

Io's surface is very different from other stars in the solar system, which made Voyager scientists make contact for the first time

I was very surprised. They thought that the terrestrial body should be covered with large and small craters left behind by the impact, and then estimated the age of the planet's crust by the "craters" left in the unit area. But in reality, there are so few surface craters on Io that there are only a handful. In this way, the surface is very young.

In addition to the craters, Voyager 1 discovered hundreds of caldera, some of which are still active! Feathery ejecta up to 300 kilometers high, these amazing photos were sent back by Galileo and Voyager. This is probably the single most important discovery of the Voyager mission, and it is the first practical proof of the heat and activity of a terrestrial planet. The material appears to be ejected from the crater in the form of sulphur or sulphur dioxide. The eruption was quite rapid, except that during the four months that Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 arrived successively, some activity ceased and others began again. There are also visible changes in the buildup around the spout.

Recently placed in Mau, Hawaii

A Kea NASA infrared telescope device obtained photos that appear that Io has a new huge volcanic eruption. In Ra Pate

The new situation in Area A has been seen by the Haber telescope. Images from Galileo also show some changes to the surface of Voyager since it came into contact with it. These observations prove that Io's surface is quite active.

Europa has an astonishing variety of terrain: craters thousands of meters deep, blazing sulfur lakes, unnoticeably non-volcanic mountain ranges, hundreds of kilometers of viscous liquid (some form of sulfur) flowing, and some volcanic vents. The variety of colors of sulfur and its compounds gives the color diversity of Io's surface.

Picture analysis of Voyager has led scientists to believe that most of the lava flows on Europa's surface are composed of compounds of red-hot sulfur. However, subsequent surface-based studies have shown that there is no liquid sulphur if the temperature is too high there. One current theory is that Io's lava flows were made up of red-hot silicate rocks. Recent observations from the Habbo telescope suggest that those substances may be rich in sodium, or that they may have different compositions in different parts of the world. The energy it needs for all its activities may come from it and Europa,

The reciprocal gravitational force between Ganymede and Jupiter. The co-motion of these three moons is fixed, and Europa has twice the orbital period of Europa, which is twice as long as Callisto. Although Europa, like Earth's moon moon, only has a fixed side facing its host star, Europa and Europto make it a little unstable. It causes Io to twist and bend, about 100 meters long (100 tides!), and generates energy in a cycle of healing twists. (The Moon is not heated by the Earth this way, because it lacks another star to disturb it.) ）

Io also cuts Jupiter's magnetic field lines, generating an electric current. The resulting energy is not much for the gravitational force, but the power of the current is still 1 megawatt. It also strips away some of Io's material and produces intense convex-like radiation around Jupiter. The particles that detach from the bulge partially create Jupiter's massive magnetosphere. Recent data from Galileo suggests that Europa may have its own magnetic field, just like Ganymede.

Io has a rarefied atmosphere made up of sulfur dioxide and other gases, and there are many volcanoes on Io.

Unlike other moons discovered by Galileo, Europa has almost no water. This may be due to the fact that Jupiter was too hot at the beginning of the solar system's evolution, which evaporated the volatile matter near Europa, and it did not overheat to drain all the water.

The reason why there are hydrogen clouds and sodium clouds near Io is because atoms escape from the weak gravitational field of the moon and drift into the surrounding space, but they are bound by Jupiter's huge gravitational field. Atomic clouds spread out in the "Jupiter space", concentrated near the birthplace of Europa. As for the ionosphere, it is caused by the ionization of atoms in Io's outer atmosphere by the sun's ultraviolet rays.

In March 1979, the Voyager 1 space probe discovered that Io's surface was relatively flat, unlike the many craters that ordinary celestial bodies do. The space probe also discovered at least six active volcanoes on Europa, erupting gases and solids at speeds of up to 450 kilometers per hour. Volcanic activity zones can be up to 200 kilometers in diameter, and volcanic eruptions are much stronger than those on Earth.

In addition, Io has a red polar crest, which increases in brightness for up to 15 minutes when Io emerges from Jupiter's shadow cone. Radio astronomers have also observed a close correlation between the intensity of Jupiter's radio noise storm and Io's position in orbit.