Wuji (philosophical terms) ed. Discuss

"Wuji" comes from the Tao Te Ching, an ancient philosophical thought that refers to the concept of the ultimate nature of the Tao. [1] Boundless, endless, infinite, endless. The word "Wuji" means "no center" in classical Chinese. It represents the ancient Chinese abstract understanding of the state of things before they arise.

A state where there is not even a central point, where there are no boundaries to speak of. With neither a center nor a border, this state is, of course, an endless "chaos".

Chinese name Wuji Source Tao Te Ching NatureAncient Philosophical Thought Definition The Concept of Ultimate Praise State Chaos

directory

1 Definitions

2 Instructions

▪ Derivation.

▪ Explanation.

3 Philosophy

Paraphrasing editing

Modern science believes that about 15 billion years ago, the universe was not yet born, ethereal, and the universe was still in a chaotic state with no front and back, no left and right, no up and down, no center, and no boundary. This coincides with the ancient Chinese abstract understanding of the state of the universe before the Big Bang. (The ancient sages called this state of chaos in an abstract understanding "infiniteness.") ）

DescriptionEdit

derivation

1. Return to Wuji

The words of "Lao Tzu, Chapter 28": "Return to Wuji." "Wujiben is a Taoist concept. Refers to the primordial state of the universe without form and image.

2. There is no pole and no pole. Liezi Tang Wen

The original text is as follows:

Yin Tang asked Yu Xia Ge, "In ancient times, there were things?"

Xia Ge said: "There was nothing in the beginning, and now there is something evil?

Yin Tang said: "But there is no order of things?"

Xia Ge said: "The end of things begins, and the beginning is infinite." The beginning or the end, the end or the beginning, the evil knows its history, but outside the thing, before the matter, I don't know. Yin Tang said: "But there are all the best in the upper and lower directions?"

Ge said: "I don't know. ”

Tang Gu asked.

Ge said: "If there is nothing, there is no limit, and if there is something, there is no end; how can I know it? Infinite and infinite, infinite and endless. I think I know that it is infinite, but I don't know that it is endless. ”

Tang asked again: "Xi is there outside the four seas?"

Ge said: "Yuqi Prefecture also." ”

Tang said: "You Xi is real?"

Ge said: "When I traveled east to the camp, the people were still there. Ask the east of the camp, and the camp is also restored. Traveling west to the pig, the people are still there. Ask the west of the pig, and the revenge is also the pig. I think I know that the four seas, the four wildernesses, and the four extremes are not different. Therefore, the size is inclusive, and the infinite pole is also. He that contains all things is as containing heaven and earth. It contains all things, so it is not endless, and it contains heaven and earth. I also know that the surface of heaven and earth does not have a great heaven and earth, and I do not know it. However, heaven and earth are also things. There are deficiencies in things, so the former Nuwa practiced five-color stones to make up for their shortcomings, and the broken ones were enough to stand at the four poles. Later, the Gonggong clan and the decadent clan fought for the emperor, angry and could not touch the mountain, the pillar of the sky, the Jedi dimension, so the sky tilted to the northwest, the sun, the moon and the stars were in the south; ”

The translation is as follows:

Yin Tang asked Xia Ge, "Is there anything in the primeval era?"

Xia Ge replied, "If there were no things in the primeval times, then how can there be things now?

Yin Tang asked again: "As you say, is there no order in which things are generated?"

Shagg replied: "There is no fixed rule for the end and beginning of things. The beginning may be the end, the end may be the beginning, how do you know the difference? But when it comes to what is beyond physical existence, and what it was like before it happened, I don't know. ”

Yin Tang asked again: "Then is there a limit and ultimate in the upper and lower eight directions?"

Shagg replied, "I don't know. ”

Yin Tang insisted on asking for clarification. Xia Ge replied: "Since it is 'nothing,' there is no limit, and since it is 'being,' there is no end, then how can I know? But there is no limit and there is no limit, and there is no end in the endless." There is no limit and there is no limit, there is no end and there is no end. Therefore, I know that there is no limit and no end to the upper and lower eight directions, but I don't know that they have limits and ends. ”

Yin Tang asked again, "What is beyond the four seas?"

Shagg replied, "Just like we have here." ”

Yin Tang asked again, "What do you use to prove it?"

Xia Ge replied, "I have gone east to Yingzhou, and the people there are the same as we have here. I asked about the situation in the east of Yingzhou, and it was the same as Yingzhou. I've traveled west to Fenzhou, and the people there are the same as we have here. I asked about the situation west of Fengzhou, and it was the same as Youzhou. Therefore I know that beyond the four seas, in the far and far reaches of the wilderness, are no different from ours. Therefore, there is no end and limit to the inclusion of large and small people. Heaven and earth that contain all things are also the same as the void that contains heaven and earth. There is no end to all things, and there is no limit to the world. How do I know that there is nothing greater than heaven and earth? That being the case, then heaven and earth are also things. Everything will be deficient, so in the past, the Nuwa clan refined the five-colored stone to repair the defects of the sky, and cut off the feet of the giant turtle to support the four poles. Later, the Gonggong clan and Zhuan Xuan competed for the emperor, and the Gonggong clan was angry, and hit Buzhou Mountain, breaking the pillar supporting the sky and pulling the rope that maintained the earth. So the sky tilted to the northwest, and the sun, moon, and stars went there, and the earth sank to the southeast, so that the rivers and rivers pooled there. ”

3. Boundless, endless. "Zhuangzi Getaway": "I am terrified of his words~~ also." ”

According to the Taoist priest Chen Quan's "Wuji Diagram", Zhou Dunyi of the Northern Song Dynasty introduced the Taoist concept of "Wuji" into Yixue in his "Taiji Diagram" and transformed it, and made a new explanation. Quan Zuwang "Zhou Cheng Xue Tong Theory": "The truth of Wuji originates from the Taoist stream". "Taiji Diagram" takes "Wuji" as an innate and existing entity, and puts forward the proposition of "Wuji and Taiji", and "Taiji is Wuji", which has the meaning of "being born from nothing". Take "Wuji" as the origin of all things. "The truth of infinity, the essence of two or five, the wonderful combination and condensation". Zhou's concept of Wuji is to take its virtual and quiet nature, and take stillness as the nature of Wuji, and the movement of Taiji comes from the stillness of Wuji. Attributed to the stillness of Wuji, the movement of Tai Chi is temporary and relative, while Wuji is eternal. He constructed a process of cosmic evolution: Wuji> Taiji> Yin and Yang Qi> Five Elements Qi> all things and human beings. Song Yi scholars generally believe that Tai Chi is the origin of the world, not above or beyond Tai Chi. Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty believed that Wuji was the boundary of Taiji, and Lu Jiuyuan believed that "if you really see Taiji, there will be no more 'Wuji' on it" ("Book with Zhu Yuanhui") Taiji does not need to use Wuji to say it. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wang Fuzhi believed: "There is no pole, there is no pole, and there is no more than it...... Nothing is better than that, it is called Tai Chi. ("Si Tong Lu: Inner Chapter")

explanation

1. The state of chaos before the Big Bang.

Modern science believes that the universe was preceded by the Big Bang as a state of centerless and boundless chaos. There are no limits.

Lao Tzu also mentioned in the Tao Te Ching that "the beginning of the nameless heaven and earth". It means that before there was heaven and earth, it was a state of nothingness. We call this state "nothing".

There was no distinction between heaven and earth before the Big Bang, and there was a distinction between heaven and earth after the Big Bang.

2. Ancient names

Young Master of the Prince of Chu, Fei Wuji (Zuo Biography Lu Zhaogong 19 years, Lu Zhaogong 20 years), "Historical Records" as Fei Wuji.

3, "Poetry, Daya, Zhan Wei" said: The philosopher becomes a city, and the philosopher falls into the city.

4, Western Han Dynasty Mao Heng Chuanyun: Philosophy, Zhiye.

5, Zheng Xuanjian of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Philosophy is more resourceful. The city of Judah also. Husband, Yang also. If you are more scheming, you will become a country. Woman, yin also. Quiet and scheming, it is a chaotic country.

6, Tang Kong Yingda Justice Cloud: The king's evil is all by women. Do not listen to the words of a woman. If it is a wise and resourceful husband, then it will prosper into a human city-state. If it is a wise and scheming woman, it will ruin the city of men. If a woman's words are used, the kingdom will perish. Why did the king use the words of a woman, and did great evil for this, so he was sick? Philosophy, wisdom, "Erya, Commentary". The wise man is scheming, so Yun Zhe is said to be more scheming. Where the kingdom is, there will be a city to dwell in. The author uses the city as a form of the country. "Notes" is suspected of being a city dwelling, so the cloud city is also a country. "Notes" uses her husband to be yang and yang, so if you are more scheming, you will become a country. The woman is yin and quiet, so if she is too scheming, she will chaos the country. It is different from yin and yang, and the movement and stillness are different, so there are many plans to make a difference. If the plan is to be in charge, then the woman will also become a country, and Ren Ji is also (Ren, Da Ren, or Tai Ren, the mother of King Wen of Zhou; Hi, Da Ren, also known as Tai Ren, the mother of King Wu of Zhou, see Liu Xiang's "The Biography of the Daughters of the Lie: The Three Mothers of the Zhou Family"). Scheming and reasoning, although the husband is also in the city, Zai Tu Wuji is also (Zai Tu, Wu Dazai. Wuji, Fei Wuji, the young master of the prince of Chu, see "Zuo Chuan, Lu Zhaogong's Nineteenth Year and Twenty Years", "Historical Records, Chu Shijia" as Fei Wuji). However, success or failure lies in the gains and losses, and the clouds and yin and yang are different, at the time, praise and interfere in the government, and its meaning is to praise and be wise, but to seek the descendants of the generation, trying to seize the sect, not a strategy that is beneficial to the country. persuade the king not to listen to it, but if the woman is wise, it will be chaotic.

Philosophy Editor

Assign the ontology from which all things are derived. It is tasteless, odorless, silent, colorless, beginningless, and endless, and has no name, so it is called Wuji. "Lao Tzu, Chapter 28": "For the world's style, Changde is not distant, and it returns to Wuji." ”

Wuji is the Tao, which is a more primitive and ultimate state than Taiji: Wuji was originally a concept used by Lao Tzu to refer to the ultimate nature of the Tao. This is the first time that the concept of infinity has appeared. The whole paragraph means that although you know the whiteness, but you stay in the dark, you can be the model of the world. To be able to be the model of the world, the eternal virtue is not lost, and the sex is restored to the inexhaustible truth. Therefore, the original meaning of Wuji is the Tao, and the Tao is inexhaustible. Later Daomen people have used the concept of Wuji in this sense, but the emphasis of the extension is slightly different on different occasions. Zhuangzi said in "The Wandering Journey" that "beyond the infinite, there is also the infinite." It means that the world is boundless, beyond infinity, or infinite. Infinity is infinity. In the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty's Heshang Gong's "Lao Tzu Chapters and Verses" believed that returning to Wuji was to live forever and see for a long time. According to the concept of Taoism, only by being in harmony with the Tao can we have long-lasting vision, so it is consistent to interpret Wuji as the Tao, or to explain the long-term vision of longevity. The Tao is infinite. Before the opening of heaven and earth, it had existed for an infinite amount of time, and it would exist forever, and it was also infinite in space, not limited to any specific area. Therefore, it is praised in the category of infinity. The term Wuji is often used in conjunction with Taiji from the perspective of the evolution of the universe, referring to a stage that is older and more ultimate than the chaos that has not yet been opened up but is the direct beginning of heaven and earth, which is the Tao. Therefore, Wuji is the root of Tai Chi. Cultivators all pursue unity with the Tao, and the Taoist terminology is called "Truth with the Tao", and in terms of the specific mechanism, it is to return to the ultimate state of the beginning of the Yuan, which is called the return to infinity.

Regarding Zhu Lu's distinction between Taiji, there is a misunderstanding in Qishan. Zhu Lu is arguing whether the word "Wuji" in the phrase "Wuji and Taiji" in the book "Taiji Diagram" is necessary, and the substantive thoughts of the two are not fundamentally different in this debate, so Huang Zongxi said: "Zhu Lu reciprocated almost 10,000 words, and it can be said that there is no residual meaning. However, the dispute is only between the literal meanings, and there is no great difference. Chen Rongjie, an expert in the history of science, also said: "The distinction of Tai Chi is not invented in thought. And Qi Shan mistakenly believed that Zhu Zi advocated that there was a Wuji body above the Taiji body. He said: "Tai Chi is a straightforward statement. For example, later generations of ginseng are explained: Tai Chi is based on Wuji Ear. If you believe this, won't you add another layer of obstacles? It is better to litigate like a mountain. Obviously, Qishan believes that Zhu Zi advocates that "Taiji is based on Wuji".

After confirming that Qishan has this view of Zhu Zi, the original meaning of the above passage can be clarified. "In Zhu Zi's belief that there must be Wuji above Taiji, it is not enough to obtain the purpose of the Great Yi. And Lu Zi thinks that there should never be Wuji above Taiji, how can it be enough to get the purpose of Lianxi?" "Wuji" appears twice in this passage, and both of them are in the same context as to whether there should be "Wuji" above Taiji. In the same context, if it is not said that there is "Wuji", and it is not said that there is no "Wuji", then the meanings of the two "Wuji" must be different. The "Wuji" in "Zhu Zi thinks that there must be Wuji above Taiji" refers to the body of Wuji, which means that Zhu Zi believes that there is a "Wuji" body above the body of Taiji, and Taiji is based on "Wuji". And the "Wuji" in "Lu Zi thinks that there should never be Wuji above Taiji" refers to the word "Wuji", which means that Lu Zi believes that the word "Wuji" should not be above the word "Taiji" in "Taiji Diagram".

So far, it is certain that Qishan believes that there should be the word "Wuji" above "Taiji", and there is no textual problem with "Wuji and Taiji" in "Taiji Diagram". So what is the meaning of the word "Wuji"? Interpreting it as another entity is naturally what Qishan wants to oppose. How is the explanation of interpreting it as "Tai Chi" to show that Tai Chi is intangible? He said: "Nowadays, it is said that reason is invisible, so it is called Wuji, and Wu is a footnote?" and "Wu is a footnote", whether it is interpreted as "does not turn and fall into a footnote", or it is interpreted as "the word 'nothing' becomes a footnote", all of which show that Qishan opposes the interpretation of "Wuji and Taiji" as "formless and reasonable". Then, the only way to interpret "Wuji" is to mean that "Taiji does not exist". Because he said, "The word 'nothing' is a solid word, not a mystical language," which means that the word "nothing" is a real negative word. The "Dictionaries" clearly says that "it is easy to have Taiji", and Qishan believes that "Wuji and Taiji" is a negation of Taiji, so it is called "the words of the master after breaking the wilderness".

(——"The Second Theory of Qishan")

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