First-pass effect: Before the drug enters the systemic circulation, a part of the drug is first consumed on the mucosa of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and small intestine, resulting in a decrease in the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation, which is called first-pass effect or first-pass elimination. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

Enterohepatic circulation: Some drugs are converted into highly polar water-soluble drugs through the liver, and then discharged to the small intestine through bile, which can be reabsorbed by the mucosal cells of the small intestine, and then re-enter the systemic blood circulation through the portal vein.

Ionic barrier: molecular drugs are hydrophobic and lipophilic, and easily pass through cell membranes; Ionic drugs are fat-phobic and do not easily pass through the lipid layer of the cell membrane, a phenomenon called an ionic barrier.

Bioavailability: refers to the relative amount of a drug that enters the systemic blood circulation after administration through the extravascular route. f=(total amount of drug entering the whole body circulation/total amount of drug administered)x100%

Apparent volume of distribution: refers to the volume of solution required for the plasma drug concentration of the drug to be distributed in the body when the drug distribution in the body is in equilibrium.

Half-life: Generally refers to the plasma half-life, which refers to the time it takes for the plasma drug concentration to decrease to half.

Loading dose: i.e., the first dose is escalated, followed by a maintenance dose to allow the steady-state concentration to arrive earlier.

First-order kinetic elimination: that is, constant ratio elimination, the drug in the body is eliminated according to a constant proportion per unit time.

Zero-level kinetic elimination: constant elimination, which refers to the excessive accumulation of drugs in the body, exceeding the body's ability to eliminate drugs, the body eliminates drugs according to the maximum elimination capacity, that is, the drugs in the body are eliminated according to a constant amount per unit time.

Elimination rate: The plasma volume of the drug eliminated by the body per unit time, that is, how much of the plasma volume of the drug is eliminated per unit time.

Stable blood concentration: refers to the state that the blood concentration of drugs belonging to the primary kinetic elimination is stable at a certain level after constant speed and constant amount administration.

PKA: refers to the soluble pH of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs at 50% dissociation.

Drug effect: The initial effect of the drug on the body, which is the motivation.

Adverse drug reactions: All reactions that are not related to the therapeutic purpose of the drug and cause discomfort or pain to patients are collectively referred to as adverse reactions.

Side effects: When the selectivity of the drug is low, the pharmacological effects involve multiple organs, and when one effect is used for therapeutic purposes, other effects become side effects, side effects.

Toxic reactions: refers to harmful adverse reactions caused by excessive doses or excessive accumulation of drugs in the body.

Sequelae: refers to the residual pharmacological reaction when the blood concentration of the drug is reduced to a threshold after the drug is stopped.

Discontinuation reaction: refers to the phenomenon of aggravation of pre-existing diseases after long-term use of a certain drug, including rebound phenomenon and discontinuation symptoms.

Efficacy: that is, the maximum effect, the pharmacological effect is strengthened with the increase of the concentration and dose of the drug, when the pharmacological effect is strengthened to a certain extent, the concentration and dose of the drug are increased subsequently, and the effect is no longer increased.

Potency intensity: i.e., the relative concentration or dose that causes the equivalent reaction, the smaller the value, the greater the intensity.

Half effective dose: The dose of the drug that causes more than 50% of the experimental phenomena to have a positive reaction in the mass reaction.

Intrinsic activity: refers to the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor to produce potency.

Agonist: refers to a drug that has both affinity and intrinsic activity, which can have an effect on the receptor and agonize the receptor.

Antagonists: drugs that only have a strong affinity and no intrinsic activity can bind to the receptor, but cannot excite the receptor to produce an effect.

Competitive antagonists: can compete with agonists for the same receptors, their binding is reversible, competitive antagonists can bind to receptors, causing the equilibrium dose-response curve of agonists to shift parallel to the right, but the maximum effect remains unchanged.

Noncompetitive antagonists: their binding is irreversible or causes a conformational change in the receptor that interferes with the binding of the agonist to the receptor so that the agonist cannot compete against the interference.

PA2: When an agonist is mixed with an antagonist, if the effect of the double agonist concentration is exactly the same as that of not adding the antagonist, the negative molar concentration of the antagonist is Pa2.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the treatment of all diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites, microorganisms and tumor cells.

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials: Antimicrobials that are effective against a variety of microorganisms are called broad-spectrum antimicrobials, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc.

Antimicrobial spectrum: the scope of antimicrobial inhibition and killing of pathogenic microorganisms is the key to clinical drug selection.

Antimicrobial activity: It is the ability of antimicrobials to kill or inhibit bacteria.

Minimum inhibitory concentration: It is an index to measure the antibacterial activity of antibacterial drugs, and the minimum drug concentration that can inhibit the growth of bacteria in the medium after 16-24h of bacteria culture in vitro.

Minimum bactericidal concentration: It is an indicator to measure the antibacterial activity of antimicrobials, which refers to the minimum drug concentration that can kill bacteria in the medium or reduce the number of bacteria by 99'99%.

Bacteriostatic drugs: drugs that only have the ability to inhibit the reproduction and growth of bacteria but do not have the ability to kill bacteria, such as tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamides, etc.

Fungicides: antibacterial drugs that not only have the ability to inhibit the reproduction and growth of bacteria, but also have the effect of killing bacteria, such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

Chemotherapy index: It is an index to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of chemotherapy drugs, usually expressed by the ratio of LD50/ED50, generally speaking, the larger the ratio, the higher the safety, and the greater the clinical application value.

Post-antibacterial effect: refers to the phenomenon that after a short period of contact between bacteria and antibiotics, the concentration of antibiotics decreases, decreases to the lowest inhibitory concentration or disappears, and the growth of bacteria is still inhibited. (To be continued.) )