According to Hua Feng's later understanding, many years ago, country M had determined that the potential uses of particle beam weapons were interception, attack satellites, and mine clearance outside enemy defense areas. As of 2013, particle beams were generated using linear electromagnetic induction accelerators, but accelerators were too bulky to be used on the battlefield.

In its basic research, country M is mainly focusing on the study of small-sized and high-efficiency accelerators and their technologies suitable for deployment on ground-based and space-based anti-missile platforms. Country M uses a linear electromagnetic induction accelerator to generate a particle beam, through which the pulsating particle beam is continuously recirculated so that the particle beam can circulate in the existing small accelerator, gradually adding energy to the particles that pass through each time.

According to the Ballistics Research Laboratory of the Army of Country M, the principle of the small circulating electromagnetic induction accelerator needs to be further confirmed. Whether such an accelerator can be used on the battlefield or not, the size and weight of the accelerator are key factors. State M has also developed an experimental accelerator device that is no larger than a desk, which is an acceptable size for deployment in outer space.

Because of a series of technical difficulties, although EM is actively researching particle beam weapons, ground-based and space-based particle beam weapons are still in the laboratory feasibility verification stage as of 2013, and it is estimated that they may enter actual combat deployment after 2020.

The basic work already done in country M includes theoretical verification and laboratory tests of particle beam generation, control, orientation and propagation technologies, experiments with accelerated test benches to verify the feasibility of neutral particle beam schemes, and at the same time to explore charged particle beam schemes. According to the U.S. space-based particle beam weapon program, the hydrogen atomic beam has an energy of 200 MeV and a weapon weight of 60 tons, which is used to intercept intercontinental ballistic warheads flying in the extra-atmospheric booster and mid-stages.

The destructive effects of particle beams are manifested in:

(1) Deforming/vaporizing or melting the target structure;

(2) Causing an explosion by prematurely detonating the fuse in the warhead or destroying the thermonuclear material of the warhead;

(3) Disabling or destroying the electronic equipment in the target.

Particle beams can perform both "hard kills" that directly penetrate the target and "soft kills" that fail locally. The charged particle beam has a strong ability to penetrate the target, the energy is concentrated, the pulse emissivity is high, and the emission direction can be quickly changed. The neutral particle beam can also perform telemetry on neutrons, γ, and X-rays generated around the target to achieve target identification.

According to the research results of country M since the 80s, the application of particle beam weapons in high-tech warfare mainly lies in the use of neutral particle beam weapons for intercontinental ballistics interception and the identification of warheads in the middle of flight. Due to the technical difficulty of solving the problems of particle beam generation devices, energy systems and high-energy particle beam transmission, the use of neutral particle beams for the identification of the midsection of intercontinental ballistic ** warheads may be the only feasible application in the foreseeable future.

The midcourse defense of intercontinental ballistics ** is both important and very complex, because in addition to releasing warheads in the mid-course of flight, modern intercontinental ** also releases a large number of decoy dummy warheads, and in order to carry out mid-course defense, it is first necessary to identify the real warhead from a large number of dummy warheads, and this is a very difficult technology.

Neutral particle beams are effective in identifying real and fake warheads that are difficult to identify using commonly used imaging and radiometric techniques, as well as low-power laser or microwave detection techniques.

The starting point of particle beam weapons is based on space operations and defense, and the main work is basic research and research on high-energy conversion technology; the research on ground-based particle beam weapons is limited to the scope of short-range weapon systems used as point defense operations, and the main purpose is to ensure the stable propagation of charged particle beams in the atmosphere over long distances.

The purpose of research in energy conversion technology is to form high-speed particle pulses. According to the research institute of the M Air Force, the research of traditional thyristor switches and spark discharge switches has been completed, and the next step is to carry out research on magnetic switches, which are based on the principle of saturation electromagnetic induction and have a high repetition rate.

The ranged mech in Mecha Century II is a good illustration of the excellent characteristics of particle weapons with long range and high lethality. Unlike today's particle weapons, in the era of Mecha Century II, due to the rapid development of atomic physics technology, the mass and volume of particle weapons have shrunk to the point where mechs can be directly assembled. Although the appearance has been reduced, the basic structure of the particle source, particle accelerator, and guide magnet coil has been retained.

In the game, the problem of high energy consumption has always been a major obstacle to the development of particle weapons in the game, but with the development of the research project for the dish-shaped abandoned ship, the positive and antimatter annihilation energy, which is more powerful than nuclear energy, has gradually been used by humans. The bottleneck in the development of particle weapons has finally been broken.

In contrast to these, countries are currently beginning to study extraterrestrial energy sources, especially stellar energy, and if they can be converted and utilized, it can be imagined that it will be of great benefit to all countries.

Stars are all gaseous planets. On clear and moonless nights, in areas without light pollution, the average person can see more than 6,000 stars with the naked eye, and with the help of telescopes, hundreds of thousands or even millions of stars can be seen. It is estimated that there are about 1500-400 billion stars in the Milky Way, and the Sun, the main star of our solar system, is a star.

Two important characteristics of stars are temperature and absolute magnitude. About 100 years ago, Denmark's Ainar Hertzpron (Ei

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is Russell) each plotted to find out if there was a relationship between temperature and brightness, and this diagram was called a Herault diagram, or H-R diagram. In the H-R diagram, most of the stars form a diagonal region in astronomy called the main sequence, in which the absolute magnitude of the stars increases.

The surface temperature also increases. More than 90% of the stars belong to the main sequence, and the Sun is also one of these master sequences. Giants and supergiants are located higher and farther to the right of the H-R diagram, while white dwarfs have high surface temperatures but not much brightness, so they are only in the lower middle of the diagram.

Stellar evolution is a continuous change in the life of a star (the period of light and heat). The life span varies according to the size of the star. There is no way to observe the evolution of a single star in its entirety, as these processes may be too slow to be noticed. Therefore, astronomers use the observation of many stars at different stages of life and use computer models to simulate the evolution of stars.

Astronomer Herzplon and philosopher Russell were the first to propose the relationship between star classification and color and luminosity, establishing the stellar evolution relationship known as the "Her-Rottus" and revealing the secret of stellar evolution. In the Hera-Royd diagram, from the high temperature and intensity region in the upper left to the low temperature and low light region in the lower right, there is a narrow stellar dense region, in which our Sun is also included, and this sequence is called the main sequence, in which more than 90% of the stars are concentrated. Above the main sequence region are giant and supergiant regions, and at the bottom left are white dwarf regions.

Astronomers can measure the mass, age, amount of metal, and many other properties of stars by observing their spectra, luminosity, and movement in space. The total mass of a star is the main factor that determines the evolution and final fate of the star. Other characteristics, including diameter, rotation, motion, and temperature, can all be measured over the course of evolutionary history.

A graph depicting the temperature-to-luminosity of many stars, also known as the H-R plot, can measure the age of the star and the stage of its evolution.

Stars are not evenly distributed in galaxies, and most stars are affected by gravity to form clusters of stars, such as binary stars, triple stars, and even star clusters, which are composed of tens of thousands to millions of stars. When the orbits of two binary stars are very close to each other, their gravitational attraction may have a significant impact on their evolution, for example, a white dwarf star acquires accretion disk gas from its companion star and becomes a nova.

At a certain point in the development of the universe, the universe is filled with uniform clouds of neutral atomic gas, and the large gas clouds are unstable due to their own gravitational attraction and collapse. In this way, the star enters the formation phase. At the beginning of the collapse, the pressure inside the gas cloud is very small, and the matter accelerates to the center under the action of gravity.

On the one hand, the density of the gas has increased dramatically, on the other hand, due to the conversion of the lost gravitational potential energy into heat energy, the temperature of the gas has also increased greatly, and the pressure of the gas is proportional to the product of its density and temperature, so that in the process of collapse, the pressure grows faster, so that a pressure field sufficient to compete with the gravitational force is quickly formed inside the gas, and this pressure field finally stops the gravitational collapse, thus establishing a new mechanical equilibrium shape, called the star billet。

If the temperature is not enough to ignite the protons, brown dwarfs can form.

The mechanical equilibrium of the billet is caused by the internal pressure gradient against the gravitational force, while the existence of the pressure gradient depends on the inhomogeneity of the internal temperature (i.e., the temperature in the center of the billet is higher than the temperature in the periphery), so thermally it is an unbalanced system, and the heat will gradually flow out from the center.

This natural tendency towards thermal equilibrium plays a weakening role in mechanics. Therefore, the star billet must slowly shrink to increase the temperature with the decrease of gravitational potential energy to restore the mechanical equilibrium, and at the same time, the reduction of gravitational potential energy to provide the energy required for the radiation of the star billet. This is the main physical mechanism of the evolution of the star billet.

The density of the original gas cloud is small and the critical mass is large. So very few stars are produced alone, and most of them are groups of stars that are produced together to form star clusters. Spherical clusters can contain 105 → 106 stars and can be considered to have arisen simultaneously.