With the deepening of understanding, Hua Feng felt more and more that everything now was not easy to come by.

Before the Opium War, China was an independent feudal state. Due to the dominance of China's natural economy, China was in a superior position in legitimate trade between China and Britain.

In order to change the situation of trade surplus, Britain smuggled opium into China. The import of opium brought great calamities to the Chinese nation. The masses of the people strongly demanded a ban on smoking. In 1839, Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking movement, which dealt a heavy blow to the British invaders. In 1840, Britain launched the Opium War of aggression against China.

During the war, the vast number of patriotic officers and soldiers and the people of Sanyuanli fought bravely. However, due to the compromise policy pursued by the Qing government, the war was finally lost. In 1842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing, and China's independence and territorial integrity began to be undermined, and it began to degenerate from a feudal society into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. During the war, some patriotic intellectuals woke up, and a new trend of thinking of "learning from the West" sprouted. China has since been forced into the capitalist world market system.

The Second Opium War of 1856-1860 was a war of aggression against China launched by Britain and France in order to expand their aggressive rights and interests. The United States and Russia reap the benefits of fishermen. The four countries forced the Qing government to sign unequal treaties such as the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing, which caused China to lose more territory and sovereignty, and the foreign invading forces expanded to the coastal provinces and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The degree of semi-colonization of Chinese society has further deepened.

After the Opium War, the class contradictions in the Qing Dynasty intensified unprecedentedly, and peasant uprisings surged. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan launched the Jintian Uprising and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; in 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established Tianjing as its capital and promulgated the "Heavenly Dynasty Tianmu System"; in 1856, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its military heyday; the Tianjing Incident caused by the intensification of contradictions within the leading group greatly damaged the vitality of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; and in 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.

The Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan embodied the characteristics of peasant warfare in the new era. Some leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to seek truth from the West, explore ways for China to become independent and prosperous, and courageously undertook the task of opposing feudalism and aggression. The Taiping Rebellion was the peak of the Chinese Peasant War.

In the 60s of the 19th century, a Westernist faction emerged within the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty. From the 60s to the 90s. They set off a Westernization movement of "mastering the skills of the master to control the country". The Westernization Movement did not put China on the road to prosperity and strength, but objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China.

In the 60s and 70s of the 19th century, the capitalist mode of production appeared in Chinese society, and the Chinese national bourgeoisie emerged. The Chinese national bourgeoisie's aggression against foreign capitalism and the oppression of feudalism at home has both a revolutionary and a compromise aspect. The Chinese proletariat was born in the 40s of the 19th century, earlier than the national bourgeoisie, and is the representative of China's new productive forces, with the most resolute and thorough revolutionary character.

In the second half of the 19th century, with the transition of world capitalism to imperialism, imperialism intensified its aggression against China. In 1883 and 1894, the Sino-French War and the Sino-Japanese War broke out successively. The signing of the "Sino-French New Treaty" further opened the door of southwest China to France, and the signing of the Sino-Japanese "Treaty of Shimonoseki" greatly deepened the semi-colonization of Chinese society.

After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the imperialist powers launched fierce competition in China for the export of capital, forcibly occupied "leased land" and divided "spheres of influence" in China, setting off a frenzy of carving up China, and the Chinese national crisis deepened unprecedentedly.

After the First Sino-Japanese War, due to the unprecedented severity of the national crisis and the initial development of China's national capitalism, the national bourgeoisie began to appear on the stage of history as a new political force.

The bourgeois reformers, headed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, set off a movement to reform and reform the law in order to save the nation from peril and develop capitalism. The feudal stubborn conservative forces represented by the Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup d'état, which led to the failure of the Restoration. The history of this reform movement is known as the Wuxu Reform.

At the end of the 19th century, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in North China. This movement smashed the arrogant plan of the imperialist powers to carve up China, dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Qing government, and hastened its demise. In the summer of 1900, the allied forces of Britain, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Austria invaded China. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xinchou Treaty" with eight countries and 11 countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain. This marked the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

In 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Xingzhonghui, the first revolutionary group of the Chinese bourgeoisie. At the end of the 19th century, the veterans of the Xinhai Revolution, He Ziyuan, Qiu Fengjia, and other founders of modern education in China pioneered the trend and eliminated the interference of stubborn and conservative forces, successfully introduced Western learning, established new schools, and incorporated civilian education into the vision of the Manchu court.

Under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government had to reform education, promulgated a new academic system at the end of 1905, abolished the imperial examination system, and promoted new schools throughout the country.

In 1909, after the local imperial examinations were discontinued, Western studies gradually became the main form of school education. It was precisely this fundamental change in the way of education that cultivated a large number of valuable talents who made ideological progress and were determined to innovate for the surging Xinhai Revolution and national construction.

At the beginning of the 20 th century, the idea of bourgeois democratic revolution was widely disseminated, and famous democratic revolutionary thinkers and propagandists such as Zhang Binglin, Zou Rong, and Chen Tianhua appeared. With the widespread dissemination of the idea of democratic revolution, bourgeois revolutionary groups were established one after another. The founding of the China League in 1905 marked the beginning of a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution. Through the polemics with the royalists, the revolutionaries further disseminated the idea of democratic revolution and gave a powerful impetus to the advent of the democratic revolution.

After the establishment of the League, the revolutionaries launched a series of uprisings such as Pingliuli and Huanghuagang in Guangzhou, and the Baolu Movement took place in Sichuan. In October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising was successful.

On New Year's Day 1912, Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated as the provisional president in Nanjing, proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of China, and then promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China.

The Xinhai Revolution was a national democratic revolution in the more complete sense of the word in modern China. Politically and ideologically, it has brought liberation to the Chinese people that cannot be underestimated. The Xinhai Revolution ushered in a modern national democratic revolution in the full sense of the word, overthrowing the absolute monarchy that had ruled China for thousands of years, establishing a republican form of government, and ending the absolute monarchy.

It has disseminated the concept of democracy and republic, greatly promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese nation, and promoted China's social reform with great shock and influence.

In March 1912, the first year of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai usurped the fruits of the Xinhai Revolution and became the provisional president of the Republic of China, and the provisional government moved to Beijing. After the Provisional Government officially moved to Beijing, the Beiyang warlord regime headed by Yuan Shikai was established. Yuan Shikai suppressed the Kuomintang internally and betrayed national sovereignty externally, Sun Yat-sen called for force to fight Yuan, and the "second revolution" occurred.

Due to the weakness of the Kuomintang and the strength of the Beiyang Army, the "Second Revolution" quickly failed. After Yuan Shikai suppressed the "Second Revolution", he began to restore the imperial system. Sun Yat-sen again organized an armed campaign against Yuan, and the Protectorate Movement broke out, and Yuan Shikai was forced to cancel the imperial system and died in despair.

After Yuan Shikai's death, there was a situation of warlord division in China. In the name of mediating the "dispute between the government and the court", the warlord Zhang Xun of Xuzhou went to Beijing to support Puyi's restoration, but the restoration scandal only lasted for a short period of 12 days. After Duan Qirui returned to power, he refused to reinstate the Provisional Constitution and convene the National Assembly. In order to preserve the republican system, Sun Yat-sen advocated the Dharma Protection Movement, but it soon failed.

During the First World War, imperialism was busy with the war and temporarily relaxed its economic aggression against China, and China's national industry had a "short spring" and was briefly developed.

The New Democratist Revolution:

During the First World War, with the further development of China's capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie strongly demanded the implementation of bourgeois democratic politics in China and opposed the rule of feudal warlords, and the New Culture Movement came into being. In 1915, Chen Duxiu founded New Youth in Shanghai, which became a symbol of the rise of the New Culture Movement.

"Democracy" and "science" were the slogans put forward by the New Culture Movement. The New Culture Movement set off a trend of ideological emancipation in society. After the victory of the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, Li Dazhao propagated the October Revolution and raised the banner of socialism for the first time in China, thus bringing about a new development of the New Culture Movement.

The Paris Peace Conference rejected the just demands of the Chinese delegates, arousing strong indignation among the Chinese people. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. At the beginning of June, the movement developed into a nationwide mass patriotic movement with the working class as the main force, and achieved initial victories. The May Fourth Movement is of great historical significance, as it not only opened the prelude to the new democratic revolution, but also opened the beginning of China's new democratic revolution.

Since then, the proletariat has stepped onto the political arena and the power of the masses has been extensively mobilized, which not only gave the May Fourth Movement itself the basic connotation of the new democratic revolution, but also directly created the class, ideological, and cadre conditions for the founding of the Communist Party of China.

After the May Fourth Movement, Marxism spread in China and became the mainstream of new thought. A number of advanced elements initially integrated Marxism with the Chinese workers' movement. In 1920, communist cells were established in various places, and in 1921, the "First National Congress" of the Communist Party of China was held, and the Communist Party of China was born. In 1922, the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China formulated a program for the democratic revolution, which pointed out the direction for the Chinese revolution.