Before the middle of the 19th century, people thought that human history was only a few thousand years. In 1856, ancient human fossils, known as Neanderthals, were discovered in a cave near the Neanderthal Valley in Germany. At that time, the era of the Ini people set the history of mankind at 50,000 to 100,000 years.

So much so that at the end of the 19th century, the Dutch anatomist Dubois found in the Indonesian island of Java that the famous Javanese people 800,000 years ago were not recognized as human because they did not find artificial tools (stone tools) at the same time, and their brain capacity was much smaller than that of modern humans, only 900 ml.

Dubois himself thought he had discovered a great gibbon before his death in 1940. In the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, the discovery of Peking Man in China, due to the discovery of a large number of stone tools made at the same time, and the discovery of the remains of fire, thus greatly expanding the history of human beings, from the original 50,000 to 100,000 years ago to 500,000 years ago.

In the 40s of the 20th century, due to the confirmation of Peking Man, coupled with the discovery of a large number of new fossils of Javan Ape Man, people recognized that the Javanese ape man of the same kind as Peking Man belonged to humans, and human history was extended to 800,000 years ago, and in 1959, stone tools dating back 1.75 million years were found in the Audwai Canyon (formerly translated as Audwe Canyon) in Tanzania, East Africa, which extended the record of human history again.

In the 60s of the 20th century, stone tools dating back 2.5 million years were found in the Omoha Valley and the Alpha Lowlands of Ethiopia in East Africa. This is the earliest stone tool ever discovered, and the claim that humans have a history of more than 2 million years is based on this.

In the 70s of the 20th century, with the deepening of scientific research, it was found that chimpanzees, gorillas, etc. can also use and manufacture simple tools.

This discovery shook the definition of man who was "a higher primate who can make tools" for more than 100 years. After research and discussion among anthropologists around the world, it was unanimously agreed to change the definition of human beings to "higher primates walking upright on two legs". This modification included Australopithecus (commonly known as Australopithecus), which did not belong to humans, and human history was extended to 2.7 million years ago, gradually approaching 4 million years.

Since the 80s of the 20th century, many human fossils have been found around the world. The most important of these are the discovery of the Aphyllum ape (a subspecies of Archaeopteryx) in the Alpha lowlands of Ethiopia from 1992 to 1995, 4.4 million years ago.

In 1998, another, more ancient subspecies of the terrestrial ape (the ancestral subspecies) was discovered in the same area, dating from 5.2 million to 5.8 million years ago. In 2000, the 6 million-year-old primitive man (Tugen species) was found in the Tugen Mountains of Kenya, Africa, and is commonly known as millennial because it was found in 2000 at the turn of the millennium. Thus, the history of mankind is now recorded for 6 million years.

Compared with the large and complex system of human history, Hua Feng and Yun Meng are more interested in the historical process of China itself. They decided to thoroughly understand the history of China when they could, so that they could use it when they could.

Chinese history refers to the history of China from the emergence of Chinese civilization to the present. China has a long history, about 5,000 years from the time of Ji Xuanyuan (also known as Gongsun Xuanyuan) of the Yellow Emperor tribe, about 4,600 years from the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, nearly 4,100 years from the Xia Dynasty, and about 2,240 years from the Qin Dynasty, the first centralized system of China.

China has undergone many regime changes and dynastic changes, and was once the most powerful country in the world, attracting worldwide attention in economy, culture, science and technology.

In the prehistoric period of China, the two emperors of Yan and Huang were revered as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty, the earliest state in China, emerged. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty promoted the development of productive forces and social reform, and a situation of a hundred schools of thought contended ideologically.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang established the Qin Dynasty, the first unified absolutist centralized empire in Chinese history, and the Western Han Dynasty further consolidated and developed the situation of great unification. During the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, China fell into a situation of division and separation, and during the Five Hu Rebellion, the trend of different ethnic groups integrating into China strengthened, and many ethnic groups gradually converged in the conflict of separate regimes.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the central government had closer ties with the ethnic minorities in the border areas, and the economy prospered, and science and technology and culture developed to a high degree. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, diverse cultures collided and blended, and the economy, science and technology developed to a new height. During the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, the social economy was highly developed, and at the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was a germ of capitalism in the Jiangnan region.

In the mid-19th century, after the Opium War, China began to degenerate into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system and established a republican form of government. After Yuan Shikai's death, China entered a period of warlord secession and chaos.

After the National Revolution, the Agrarian Revolution, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, the People's Republic of China was finally established in 1949. After the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. After 1978, China began to implement a policy of reform and opening up, and China's economy developed rapidly, and in 2011, China surpassed Japan to become the world's second largest economy.

China has a long history, dating back to about 5,000 years since the reign of Ji Xuanyuan (also known as Gongsun Xuanyuan) (2717-2599 BC) of the Yellow Emperor Dynasty.

It is generally believed that there are two direct sources of Chinese civilization, namely the Yellow River civilization and the Yangtze River civilization, and the Chinese civilization is mainly the fruit of the exchange, integration and sublimation of these two regional civilizations.

Some historians believe that in the history of human civilization, the definition of "historical era" is calculated from the time after the creation of writing, and the period before it is called "prehistoric era".

There are legends in Chinese history that "Fuxi created gossip", and "Cangjie invented writing" during the Yellow Emperor period, etc., but there is no evidence to test. Modern archaeology has discovered oracle bone inscriptions from the Shang Dynasty more than 3,350 years ago (1,350 BC), pottery inscriptions from about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, and tortoise bone inscriptions with a written nature from about 5,000 to 7,000 years ago.

China's primitive society originated from the Yuanmou people about 1.7 million years ago, and the primitive society went through two periods: primitive people and clan communes. The clan commune went through two stages: the matrilineal clan commune and the patrilineal clan commune.

The Yuanmou people are the earliest known humans in China. Pekingese are typical of the primitive population period. The cave people already live the life of a matriarchal clan commune. The Hemudu clan in the Yangtze River basin and the Banpo clan in the Yellow River basin were prosperous periods for matrilineal clan communes. The middle and late stages of the Dawenkou culture reflect the situation of the patrilineal clan commune.

Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor was the leader of a tribal alliance of primitive tribes living in the Yellow River Valley more than 4,000 years ago. He advocated the cultivation of grains and the domestication of livestock, which helped the tribal alliance grow stronger.

He led his tribe to defeat the Yandi tribe in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Chiyou tribe in the north. Later, the Yandi tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribe formed an alliance and lived and multiplied in the Yellow River Valley for a long time, forming the backbone of the later Huaxia tribe.

During the reign of the Yellow Emperor, he sowed hundreds of grains and plants, vigorously developed production, and began to make clothes and crowns, build boats and cars, make music and rhythm, and create medicine. The Yellow Emperor is revered as the ancestor of the Huaxia people. This is the origin of calling the Chinese nation the descendants of Yan and Huang.

After Emperor Yan and Emperor Huangdi, the outstanding leaders of the tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin successively included Yao, Shun and Yu. At that time, the leader of the tribal alliance was elected. Yao was old, and a tribal alliance meeting was held, and everyone elected the talented Shun as the heir.

After Yao's death, Shun inherited Yao's position, and when Shun was old, he also took the same method to give up his position to Yu, who had meritorious service in controlling water. This method of changing the position of the leader is known as "Zen Rang" in history

Xia Dynasty:

The tribal alliance of the Yellow Emperor Yandi became the Huaxia tribe, from the 21st century BC to the 16th century BC, which was the first dynasty in China, the Xia Dynasty. It marked the end of tens of thousands of years of primitive society in China and the beginning of thousands of years of class society, and his birth became an important milestone in the history of Chinese civilization. The Xia Dynasty appeared Dongyi people, and the Xia Dynasty passed on a total of 14 generations and 17 kings, lasting for nearly 500 years.

Xia Yu made meritorious efforts in controlling the water, and was appointed as the Son of Heaven by Zen, becoming the founder of the Xia Dynasty. After Yu was the emperor, he was all in Yangzhai, and he was once in Anyi or Pingyang. He repeatedly met with the princes and divided China into Kyushu, a system of tribute.

Yu not only calmed the flood, but also conquered Li Miao, the achievement is very great, so he got the honorific title of Yu. After Dayu's death, his son Xia Qi destroyed the tradition of Chan Rang and established himself as king, restoring the ancient system passed down from father to son in the early days of the Yellow Emperor Dynasty. From then on, the throne was passed on to the sons, and the hereditary system began to be implemented, and the ancients began to call the "family world". Passed to Taikang, the fifth son of Qi defected.

After Xia Qi ascended the throne, he was very able to inherit Dayu's career, but unfortunately after his death, his son Taikang was incompetent and was expelled by a prince leader and the legendary Chang'e's husband Hou Yi.

After Taikang's death, Hou Yi established Taikang's brother Zhongkang as the king of Xia, but the real power was in Hou Yi's hands. After Zhong Kang's death, his son stood up, and Hou Yi was killed by his courtier Han Xun, and he killed Xiang to stand on his own.

When the prime minister was killed, the queen of the prime minister was pregnant, and fled to Youstill to give birth to Shaokang. When Shaokang grew up, he gathered the remnants of Xia, destroyed Hanxun, and restored the Xia Dynasty.

It is known as "Shaokang Zhongxing" in history. Shaokang's son Zhu had a relatively strong army during his reign, completely wiped out the power of Hanxun, and conquered Dongyi, so that the Xia Dynasty developed to its peak. In the following five dynasties and six kings, the society was relatively stable and the economy continued to develop. The rule of the Xia Dynasty stretched from the East China Sea to the east, the Xihe River to the west, the Yanshan Mountains to the north, and the Jianghuai River to the south.

At that time, it was already possible to smelt better bronze, and a lot of bronze production tools and household utensils were produced, and commodity exchange also developed. There is a more progressive lunisolar calendar and a method of keeping the day of the dry branch.

The fifteenth Xia King Kong Jia, good magic ghosts, prostitution, caused the rebellion of the princes, and the Xia Dynasty gradually declined. Kong Jia repeatedly passed to Lu Gui (Xia Wei), a famous tyrant in history, he did not practice virtue, extravagant, killed countless people, used soldiers everywhere, worked the people and lost money, so that the people rebelled, the princes rebelled, and was finally destroyed by Shang Tang.