"Little dream, I plan to give you a small gift after a while, and when this period of study is almost over. Sitting in the stands, Hua Feng whispered in Yunmeng's ear.

"Ah......" Yun Meng blushed suddenly, and couldn't figure out why Hua Feng suddenly told her this. "But, what time have we had recently, what is Brother Hua Feng's gift?" Yun Meng's tone was full of mischievous and anticipation.

"Haha, this doesn't affect it, don't worry. If you don't do some things now, you don't know if there will be a chance to achieve them in the future. You'll know later, let's go to class first. Hua Feng suppressed the eagerness for Yun Meng in his heart and rubbed Yun Meng's hair and turned away, he knew what he should do now.

They then learned that in September 2003, after Galileo, the fiery predicament appeared in Jupiter's atmosphere, and the ground-based telescope observed new volcanic activity in Io. In particular, images from adaptive optics from the Keck Telescope in Hawaii and the Hubble Space Telescope allow astronomers to monitor volcanic activity in Io. These images allow scientists to monitor volcanic activity in Io, without the need for a spacecraft.

New Horizons, a spacecraft bound for Pluto and the Kuiper belt, approached Jupiter and Io on its way to Jupiter on February 28, 2007. During its approach to Europa, it received many long-range observations of Io, including the huge beam of the Twasstata crater, which was confirmed to be the largest since the first beam of Mount Pele was observed in Io in 1979. New Horizons also captured Gi

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A shadow sample that approached and entered the early eruption, and there were also volcanoes that had already been observed erupting on Galileo.

There are currently two plans to explore the Jupiter system that are about to be executed. The Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, has limited imagery capabilities, but it can provide volcanic activity in Io using a near-infrared spectrometer (JIRAM). The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), a collaborative program between NASA and ESA, was approved in February 2009, but with a scheduled launch date for 2020, will use two spacecraft to study Io: NASA's Jupiter Europa orbiter and ESA's Jupiter Gayneded orbiter.

Because the main mission of the two spacecraft is to study Jupiter's ice moons, the observation of Io is almost always at a relatively long distance, and the Jupiter Europa orbiter will approach and fly by Io four times between 2025 and 2026 before entering the orbit around Europa, but the ESA's contribution will still face competition for funding from other ESA projects. In addition to the two programs already approved by NASA, several other Io-related plans have been proposed. A program called the Io-Volcano Observer, which will be launched in 2015, is set as a discovery-class mission and will fly by Io several times, but this program is still in the conceptual stage.

The number of Jupiter's moons is now as high as 63, of which the four largest: Europa, Europa, Europa and Ganymede are the most famous, as early as 1610, Galileo Galileo had observed these four moons through his telescope, and proved that not all celestial bodies orbit the earth, becoming one of the best evidence of "heliocentrism (geodynamic theory)", so astronomically called these four large moons of Jupiter "Galilean moons".

When the Voyager spacecraft passed near Jupiter about 20 years ago, it observed very active volcanic activity on the surface of Io, and scientists on the ground continued to monitor Io and found it to be the most volcanically active object in the solar system.

The "Galileo" spacecraft, which had just been successfully retired a few years ago, found that the temperature of the volcanic hot spot on the surface of Io was as high as about 1610 degrees Celsius, compared with the volcanoes on the earth (such as the Guinea volcano in Hawaii) only about 1000 degrees Celsius, which suddenly made Europa the second highest surface temperature in the solar system (the surface temperature of the sun is about 5700 degrees). It is known that there are more than 100 volcanoes on the surface of Io, and it has been confirmed that Io volcanic activity is more than 30 times more frequent than that of Earth. Astronomers believe that the reason why Io's volcano is so active is that it is the closest of the four to Jupiter, and it is very strongly affected by Jupiter's strong tidal forces and magnetic fields.

Planetary scientists at the University of Washington in the United States used computers to simulate the volcanic eruption on the surface of Io, and the results showed that the lava on the surface of Io was so hot that the sodium, potassium, silicon, iron, etc. contained in it were evaporated into gases, some of which became monoatomic gases, and some of which remained in a molecular state, such as silica, silica, iron monoxide, etc., and became part of Io's atmosphere. In 2000, scientists predicted that these evaporated rock components, after interacting with sulfur or chlorine in volcanic gases, may produce some rare gases, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium dichloride, iron dichloride, etc.

Astronomers did discover sodium chloride gas on the surface of Io in 2003, but the presence of potassium chloride gas was not detected due to the insufficient sensitivity of the observations.

Now, using observations from Galileo's satellites and their ground-based telescopes, scientists have found that sodium and potassium from the hot lava on Io's surface are evaporating into the atmosphere as gases. In addition, they discovered that silica is the main component of silica gas in lava, and that the discovery of silica on Io's surface is particularly striking because astronomers have observed the presence of silica in space, especially in the atmosphere of stars with cooler surface temperatures, and they hope to detect silica gas directly in volcanic gases. The findings were published in the May 2004 issue of Icarus.

In 2004, astronomers discovered that the hottest stars in the solar system (other than the Sun) were not Mercury and Venus, the planets that have always been thought to be closest to the Sun, but Jupiter's moon Europa (one of Jupiter's four brightest moons, first discovered by Galileo 400 years ago).

Of course, Europa's high temperatures are not due to solar radiation, but to intense volcanic activity within it. No other planet or moon in the inner solar system can match Europa in terms of the number of volcanoes.

Astronomers first discovered intense volcanic activity on Io more than 20 years ago, when the American Voyager interplanetary probe took a series of photographs of Io. Since then, the Galileo probe, which has been working near Jupiter for about 8 years, has also taken close-up pictures of the blazing moon. It was on the basis of these photographs that scientists determined that there was very intense volcanic activity on Europa, with a surface temperature of up to 1,610 degrees Celsius.

Computer simulations of the eruption on Io conducted by researchers from Washington University in St. Louis have shown that the lava ejected from the eruption is capable of melting and vaporizing its surface materials such as sodium, potassium, silicon, iron and their compounds into the atmosphere. The gasification of these substances reacts with volcanic gases (containing sulfides and chlorides) to form the unique components of Europa's atmosphere: chlorides of sodium and potassium and dichlorides of magnesium and iron.

Gaseous sodium chloride has been found on Europa, and the sensitivity of our detectors needs to be improved to find gaseous potassium chloride.

Although scientists have obtained a lot of information about Io, it is far from being enough to unravel the mystery of Io: how does this moon, which is only the size of the Moon, maintain such a high magma temperature? Why can't such hot magma melt the rocks around it? How thick and strong is its lithosphere (including the crust and upper part of the mantle)? If it had a mountain on it, would it be as high as Mount Everest? Of course, unraveling this series of doubts will require the continuous efforts of astronomers.

Scientists have found that the most active volcano in the solar system is about to erupt, and Europa, which has frequent eruption activity, may go dormant one day in the future.

Previously, Europa, the closest large moon to Jupiter, has seen several volcanic eruptions, covering its surface with ash and dozens of active volcanoes on its surface. And Europa is about the same size as the moon. According to scientists, the reason for the frequent volcanic activity on Io's surface is the combined effect of the gravitational pull of Jupiter and its other three moons. Because the gravitational pull of Jupiter and its moons triggers gravitational changes in different regions of Europa's surface, causing stretching and crustal changes in different regions.

This gravitational stretching causes the surface of Io to move upwards and downwards every 10 meters, thus triggering intense activity in the Earth's crust. The Paris Observatory in France, after a long period of observation and research, has confirmed the reason for the frequent activity of this volcano.

The most shocking thing, scientists say, is that if this movement is too intense, it will put nearby satellites into a circular orbit instead of the previous elliptical one, and the laws of the solar system will change significantly. In fact, scientists have already discovered this subtle change in combination with observations of Europa that began in 1891. Professor Schubert of the University of California believes that once Io is dormant, Jupiter's orbit will also change, causing the orbit of the moon to change. The scientists published the data in the journal Nature.

In March 2014, scientists discovered that Europa was emitting a jet nearly 300 kilometers high.

On August 7, 2014, NASA's website reported that three large-scale volcanic eruptions occurred in succession on Europa, one of Jupiter's four Galilean moons, over a two-week period in August 2013.

On May 16, 2016, in the online edition of Nature Geoscience, McKi, a scientist from the Astronomical Sciences Center of the United States Geological Survey

o

and Michael T. Bla

d published an article on computer models that are capable of constructing digital analog mountains.

McKi

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Planetary researchers believe that the mountains on Io may have been formed by its continuous volcanic eruptions, which caused magma to spread throughout the planet, and that the magma that erupted onto Io's surface had a tendency to flow downward. Since Europa is a sphere, as it flows downward, it is subjected to pressure that increases its longitudinal depth.

McKi

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This may explain why there are often recent eruptions of magma near high mountains. The pressure intensity deep in the earth's crust is very high, and when the fracture extends to the surface, the pressure is released, and the pressure environment of the entire fault is changed, providing a channel for magma eruption. It could also explain an obscure feature of Europa: the inverse correlation between mountains and volcanoes. Not only is the pressure in the earth's crust increased due to the gradual weight of the magma, but also because the temperature is gradually rising. The high temperature caused the rock to expand gradually, but due to lack of space, it was again in a compressive environment. As long as volcanoes continue to erupt, they will take away heat, making thermal stress lower and less likely to form high mountains. But once the eruption is over, the earth's crust heats up again, the thermal stress increases, and the likelihood of mountains forming increases.

Today, human beings are getting deeper and deeper in understanding and applying these planets, everything seems to be developing vigorously, and the real reality is that only a few people know that they are doing their best to do this!