Second, the reliability of the nuclear warhead and its detonation control safety subsystem, as well as its ability to adapt to various use and combat environments, have also been improved and enhanced.

The United States and the Soviet Union have also developed various types of nuclear weapons suitable for battlefield use, such as nuclear warheads with variable yields, nuclear warheads that are common to various means of delivery, and even envisage the development of miniature nuclear weapons with a yield of only a few tons. In particular, in the environment of nuclear war, how to improve the anti-nuclear reinforcement capability of nuclear weapons to prevent the destruction of the enemy has received more attention. In addition, due to the mass production and deployment of nuclear weapons, their safety has also attracted the attention of the countries concerned.

Another development trend of nuclear weapons is to adjust their performance by design, and to enhance or weaken some of the lethal and destructive factors in them according to different needs. "Radiation enhancement weapons" and "reduction of residual radiological weapons" fall into this category.

The former maximizes the share of high-energy neutron radiation and makes it the main cause of damage, commonly referred to as neutron bombs;

As for the so-called "pure fusion weapons," which caused widespread discussion in the early 60s, although a lot of research work has been done over the past 20 years, such as the study of high-power lasers to ignite fusion reactions, and the research continued in the 80s, there is still no real possibility of making such weapons.

Although the actual combat application of nuclear weapons is still limited to the two nuclear weapons at the time of its inception, due to the development of nuclear weapons themselves over the past 40 years, as well as the development and application of various means of delivery or delivery, especially the knowledge accumulated through thousands of nuclear tests,

People have a deep understanding of its unique lethal and destructive effects, and explore the possible ways of practical application. Both the United States and the Soviet Union have formulated and repeatedly revised various strategies emphasizing the important role of nuclear weapons.

Where there is a spear, there must be a shield. While constantly improving and enhancing the performance of offensive strategic nuclear weapons, the United States and the Soviet Union have also been seeking means and technologies that can effectively defend against nuclear attacks.

In addition to improving the anti-nuclear reinforcement capability of nuclear weapons systems and taking measures to reduce losses, such as extensively constructing basement bunkers and civil defense projects, the development and research of defense technology for more effective reconnaissance, tracking, identification, and interception of the enemy's nuclear weapons has never stopped.

In the 60s, the United States and the Soviet Union deployed anti-nuclear anti-** systems. In May 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty on the Limitation of the Anti-Ballistic System. Soon, the United States stopped the deployment of the "Guard" anti-** system. In early 1984, the United States announced that it had formulated a "Strategic Defense Initiative" that included nuclear-excited directed energy weapons, high-energy lasers, neutral particle beams, non-nuclear interceptor missiles, electromagnetic guns, and other multi-layered interception means. Although there is still controversy about the effectiveness of such a defense system, it is certain that the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for nuclear superiority will continue.

Because of the enormous destructive power and unique role of nuclear weapons, it is not so much that they may change the course of future global wars, but that they have had and are constantly having an impact on the actual international political struggle. At the end of the 70s, the United States announced that it had successfully developed a neutron bomb, which is most suitable for battlefield use and should belong to the category of tactical nuclear weapons, but it was strongly opposed almost worldwide. This example also illustrates the complexity of the struggle involved in nuclear weapons.

Power sorting: Hydrogen uranium bomb >**>***> neutron bomb; for more detailed nuclear weapons information, please refer to Baidu Encyclopedia entry nuclear weapons.

Biological weapon:

Biological warfare agents are a collective term for deadly microorganisms, toxins and other biologically active substances used in military operations to kill people, livestock and destroy crops. Formerly known as bacteriological warfare agents. Biological warfare agents are the determining factor in the lethal power of biological weapons.

Once pathogenic microorganisms enter the body (human, livestock, bioweapon identification, etc.), they can multiply in large numbers, resulting in destruction of body functions, morbidity and even death. It can also destroy plants and crops on a large scale. There are many types of biological warfare agents, and according to foreign literature, there are about 160 kinds of deadly microorganisms that can be used as biological warfare agents, but in terms of the ability to cause disease and infect people, the number is not very large.

An Italian researcher found that as early as 3,000 years ago, the ancients knew to use this method when attacking cities and plundering pools and protecting themselves. The Hittite kingdom was an ancient Asian kingdom located in Anatolia, ancient Asia Minor. The Hittites are known in history for their courage and skill.

Not only did it unite several small states into a powerful empire, but it also fought a fierce war with Egypt for supremacy. The Italian scholar Ciro Trevisanato devoted himself to the history of the Hittites' most powerful period.

According to his research published in the journal Medical Hypothesis, the fatal disease was an important reason for the invincibility of the Hittites when they were put into enemy cities or camps by placing sheep infected with tularemia.

Trevisana says that when the Hittites attacked the Phoenician city of Smyrna in 1325 BC, "the term 'Hittite plague' was first coined, and it appears in several historical sources." He thinks this is no coincidence, since it was at that time that the first mention of tularemia was recorded. Trevisana believes that the Hittites used the same tactics when they were invaded by foreign enemies.

"When the Hittite was in a bad country, it was attacked by the neighboring kingdom of Arzava. It was during that time that some sheep mysteriously appeared on the streets of Alzava. The local population grabbed the sheep and ate them. In this way, tularemia spread in Alzava, and the attack on the Hittites failed. ”

According to historical records, the Arzavars suspected that the plague spreading in the city had something to do with the sheep, Trevisana said. The Italian scholar asserted that "the Hittites were the first to use bioterror" and that "diseased sheep were the world's first weapons of mass destruction".

In 1859, 12,000 out of 15,000 people were horrified by cholera when France fought in Algeria, and during World War I, Germany was the first to develop and use biological weapons (then known as bacteriological weapons).

At the end of World War I, in just one and a half years, more than 500 million people on both sides of the war fell ill with the virus and more than 20 million died, three times more than the number of war dead. During World War II, Japanese imperialism developed biological weapons on a large scale, and set up Unit 731, a workshop for the development of bacteriological weapons in northeast China, which used more than 10 kinds of warfare agents such as plague, cholera, typhoid fever, and anthrax bacillus on a vast area of more than 10 provinces in China.

The most severe plague was in Changde, Hunan and Ningbo, Zhejiang. They even used live people for bacteriological experiments, and this alone killed more than 3,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians, causing great disasters to the Chinese people.

During World War II, the invading Japanese army extensively researched and used biological weapons and formed a special bacteriological combat unit, namely Unit 731.

In July 1940, the Japanese army dropped 70 kilograms of typhoid bacilli, 50 kilograms of Vibrio cholerae and 5 kilograms of plague-carrying fleas on Ningbo, Zhejiang. In the summer of 1942, cholera, plague, typhoid fever and other germs were released along the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway, polluting water sources and food, causing epidemics and causing the death of a large number of innocent civilians.

In 1979, an explosion at a biological weapons production site in the southwestern suburbs of Svilovsk in the Soviet Union caused a large amount of Bacillus anthracis aerosols to escape into the air, causing an epidemic of pulmonary anthrax in the city, directly killing more than 1,000 people, and the epidemic in the region for 10 years. This is just the serious consequence of a single leak.

Many germs can survive in soil and water for a long time after being used as weapons. During World War II, the British experimented with an anthrax bacillus** on the island of Grunha, which is still uninhabitable.

Biological weapons are more convenient to manufacture and use than chemical weapons, requiring only a small amount of strains to be cultivated in special containers. Even lab-scale production could produce enough biological weapons for military use. In addition, biological weapons do not need to be preserved, as long as a small number of bacteria can be refrigerated, and a large number of biological weapons can be cultivated in a short period of time in wartime.

Since the 70s, breakthroughs in molecular chemistry have led to the emergence of genetic engineering represented by genetic recombination technology. Genetic engineering is also known as genetic engineering. Genes are the substances that play a hereditary role in cells, and biological traits are passed down from generation to generation by genes.

When genetic engineering first came out, it was first and quickly applied to the military field, like any new and high technology, and some major military powers competed to invest a lot of money and manpower in the research of genetic weapons.

The study of genetic weapons is undoubtedly the opening of hell by human beings themselves, because we cannot predict what terrible genetic devils will be produced in this way. It can be said that every idea in this field has the potential to become a reality, and every reality will lead humanity into the abyss of extinction.

In "The Shock of the Future," Toffler says, "The clock is ticking, and we are getting closer to the 'biological Hiroshima.'" That's the reality.

Professor Yang Huanming, secretary general of China's "Human Genome Project" major project, said in an interview with reporters: "Even a laboratory as small as ours can do such a thing, and how terrible it is to link HIV with the cold virus!

The world is not destroyed in the hands of a few hooligans who do not understand the law, but in the hands of scientists. ”

Although HIV is only transmitted through ** and blood, there is still such a huge number of infected people in the world, if a sneeze can transmit AIDS, I am afraid that mankind will be extinct long ago.

In addition, if the genes or oncogenes of Yersinia pestis bacillus, which causes plague, were transferred into E. coli and allowed to multiply, it could easily destroy all of humanity. There is also a strange genetic weapon called "Thermotoxin", which can kill all mankind in just 20 grams.

If these genetic weapons research is successful, even leaks caused by laboratory errors could lead to the extinction of all mankind. Once these superviruses or bacteria begin to spread, even the creators of these viruses and bacteria are helpless. Some have speculated that HIV may have been a biological weapon created by Germany or Japan during World War II.

Hua Feng slowly understood why today's world has become the way it is.