The Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasty followed the Northern Wei system and attached great importance to the development of the textile industry. For example, the Northern Qi set up "Taifu Temple.. Unify the left, center, and right three Shang Fang", "The middle Shang side and don't lead other bureaus,

Han Dynasty paper is generally thicker and heavier, while Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties paper is slightly thinner than Han paper, and has obvious curtain patterns. From a technical point of view, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were made of movable curtain bed paper molds similar to today's traditional way of papermaking.

This kind of mold is composed of two parts: a bamboo curtain and a wooden bed frame, and then two side posts are used to make the two close together, which can be closed or detached. When the two are put together, put the paper in the pulp, filter the water, remove the bamboo curtain and place the wet paper on the wooden board.

Then the two are lifted together to catch the paper, remove the bamboo curtain and place the wet paper on the wet paper that was copied out last time, and so on, and finally the wet paper stacked together is pressed to remove the water, and then dried.

The advantage of this detachable papermaker is that tens of millions of sheets of paper can be continuously copied with the same mold, which improves labor productivity and equipment utilization, and the paper is tight and uniform.

In terms of processing and manufacturing technology, lye cooking and pounding have been strengthened, the quality of paper has been improved, and processed paper such as colored paper, coated paper, and filler paper has appeared.

Papermaking made from local materials. Jiangnan also developed paper production, which produced a variety of colored papers in addition to natural paper, and in addition to using a single raw material, it was sometimes pulped by mixing bark fibers with hemp fiber raw materials.

There are sizing technologies, and the early sizing agent was vegetable starch, either brushed on paper or mixed into pulp. This treatment can increase the paper's resistance to water permeability, block inter-fiber capillaries, or improve pulp suspension.

There have also been developments in paper processing technology, and one of the more important achievements is surface coating technology. In this technique, a fine white mineral powder is evenly applied to the paper with an adhesive and then matted with a stone.

In this way, it can not only increase the whiteness and smoothness of the paper surface, but also reduce the light transmittance, so that the paper surface is tight and has good ink absorption. Commonly used white mineral powders include chalk, gypsum, talc, lime, and later china clay or kaolin.

The coating method is to grind the white powder finely, put it into water into a suspension, and then boil it with starch and water, and apply it to the paper with a row pen.

This type of paper is viewed under a microscope and has clearly visible mineral powder grains between the fibers. In general, if the paper is written on only one side, it is coated on one side, and the back is still the base paper.

In addition to adding to the beauty of the paper, sometimes it has the practical effect of improving the performance of the paper.

The most commonly used colored paper is dyed yellow paper, which began as early as the Han Dynasty. Yellow paper is widely used in public and private occasions, especially for religious believers to copy Buddhist scriptures and Taoist scriptures. The dye used to dye yellow is the bark of cork bark, a deciduous tree of the Rutaceae family.

The custom of writing books on yellow paper continued to be popular during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The following considerations are given to writing on this yellow paper:

This paper can repel insects and moths, prolong the life of books, and have the smell of books. Yellow is not dazzling, and can be read for a long time without hurting the eyes. If there is a clerical error, you can use orpiment to paint and then write, which is convenient for proofreading. This is where the so-called "letter pen yellow" comes from.

Yellow means solemn and elegant, and is the positive color of the five colors. There are many such objects in the Dunhuang stone chamber. In addition to yellow paper, it also produces a variety of other colored papers.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, the silk weaving industry in Shu was very developed, and the Shu brocade produced was famous for its beauty and enjoyed a good reputation. Zuo Si's "Shu Du Fu" praised Shu Jin as "Bei Jin Feicheng, and the river waves".

Textile production has developed, the scale of the government-run textile handicraft industry has expanded rapidly, and at the same time, the government has repeatedly ordered the private sector to increase the production of silk, and the ministers have made suggestions on "temporarily exempting other servants" when raising silkworms and reeling silk, and "disturbing the people with servitude" when prohibiting silkworm weaving.

There are strict requirements for the temperature of silkworm raising, the use of mulberry, silkworm seat, upper cluster and other technologies, such as the silkworm seat density standard of "free and easy, free to enter and stop", and the cluster room selection conditions of "in the east of the court, east love the sun, west looking at the sun", etc., are all valuable experience accumulated in the process.

The quality of silk reeling products is also very good, such as Zhuji, Yongan and other places can produce high-grade "royal silk". There are many patterns of silk fabrics, such as the king of Wu and Mrs. Zhao can weave the dragon and phoenix brocade and the topographic brocade of the five mountains.

Although Cao Wei possessed Xiangyi, Luoyang and other places in the center of the textile industry, due to long-term wars and other reasons, the products in these areas were "all evil" and could not be compared with Shu Wu. However, the Wei State did not have a government-run textile handicraft industry, and specialized in the weaving of official training

Since the two Jin Dynasty, there were many northerners who migrated south, because they were accustomed to silk weaving clothing such as Luo Qi and Qijiao, the mulberry sericulture also moved south, and promoted the development of the silk weaving industry in the Southern Dynasties. Each dynasty of the Southern Dynasties has a small house, under which there is a flat palm weaving and dyeing,

Vigorously produce all kinds of silk fabrics. Danyang has a fighting field brocade department, which is undoubtedly a government textile handicraft industry. This kind of weaving mechanic is Liu Yu after Yao Qin from the "Pingguan right move its hundred workers". Subsequently, the brocade department became a permanent textile institution of the handicraft industry of the Southern Dynasty government, making royal clothing.

The textile handicraft industry in the Southern Dynasties developed rapidly, and in the Song Dynasty, "the silk cotton cloth was rao, and the clothes were restored to the world". At that time, the more advanced weaving technology developed during the Three Kingdoms was used.

The weaving level and production capacity are improving rapidly. When Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty, "Guangzhou tasted to dedicate one end of the fine cloth, the emperor hated its exquisite labor, that is, there was a division of bullets too guarded, to return the cloth, and forbidden Lingnan to make this cloth." Luo, which is inlaid with gold leaf when the beam, has been very beautifully woven.

"Wu Yue Coin Chronicles" mentions that the weaving pattern has "heaven, man, ghost, god, dragon, elephant, palace genus, poor and ingenious, indescribable". The output of brocade is very large, and Liang Hou Jing will rebel according to Shou Jiang, "Qi Qiu Jin 10,000 horses, for military robes".

Chen Shi once had a record of "weaving Luo Wenjin into 200 pieces and burning them outside the Yunlong Gate". The weaving technology in the south is well-known outside the plug,

"The Book of Nanqi: The Biography of Rui Rui" contains: "King Rui Rui asked for medical workers and other things, and the ancestor reported that "knowing the need for medicine and weaving into brocade workers, guide cars, and missing carvings are not loved." The southern part of the country cures diseases, which is different from the northern soil. Woven into brocade workers, and women, it is unbearable to wade far.

Guide car, missing carving, although this has its instrument, the craftsman has not existed for a long time, not worthy of the mistake'. However, the south was originally a Ma Ge production area, although silkworms and silk weaving gradually rose, the output is not abundant, and the clothing is still dominated by Ma Ge fabrics.

Later Zhao Shihu was the capital of Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei), and conquered almost the entire north in the melee of various ethnic groups. Shi Zhao's silk weaving industry is quite developed. Lu Yi's "Ye Zhong Ji" contains the establishment of the Brocade Department in Yecheng,

"Skillful work brocade", "all hundreds". Ye brocade, Shu brocade are equally famous, there are many names, according to the record of "Ye Zhongji": "Jin has a big climb, a small climb, a big Mingguang, a small Mingguang, a big Bo Mountain, a small Bo Mountain,

Dogwood, Dogwood, Dogwood, Dragon, Dragon, Pine, Phoenix, Bird, Peach Bird, Peach Bird,

Or green silk, or white silk, or yellow silk, or green silk, or purple silk, or Shu silk, hundreds of ingenuity, can not be named. "The subsequent establishment of the former Qin, the silk weaving industry is also very developed, Qinzhou Thorn Shi Dou Tao's wife is famous for making back pattern brocade.

The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty recruited a large number of textile craftsmen in Hebei, where the textile industry was originally very developed, and the textile output increased greatly. When Tuoba heirs, it was often seen that "the ministers were given a difference in cloth", "the world was given to become a soldier, and the cloth was different",

"With silk and silk cloth a million horses. . . bestow on the prince the following". When Tuoba Tao, there were "more than 1,000 maidservants in the Pingcheng Palace, weaving silk brocade", and there were "silk, cotton, cloth, silk warehouse", and often awarded to his subordinates with "gold brocade and silk wool". When it came to Yuan Hong, he dismissed the workers of Shang Fang Jinxiu Ayaluo, and put "imperial clothes, gold and silver, pearls and jade, splendid embroidery" and other things "Ban Gong Baiguan and Jingshi Shishu, down to the industrial and commercial soap li,

Caught in the six towns, the soldiers have their own differences." When Yuan Yi, he allowed hundreds of officials to enter the left Tibetan treasury to take cloth silk, "more than 200 horses, less than 100 horses", it can be seen that there are many silk fabrics in the library.

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