Volume 1 The First Born Chapter 98 Superconductors
After Ye Chen finished speaking, he took out a feather necklace from his pocket and carefully handed it to Wei Zhaowen, Wei Zhaowen took the necklace, looked at the necklace in front of her that seemed to be surrounded by air currents and brilliance, her heart was immediately touched, and she thought very sweetly in her heart:
"It's ...... What the? Don't... Could it be a token of his promise to me? ”
She held the necklace in the palm of her hand, feeling the slightly cold touch, Wei Zhaowen's face showed a smile full of happiness, Ye Chen was a little nervous when he saw Wei Zhaowen's expression, this kind of smile he had only seen on Wei Yueying's face when he and Wei Yueying made some intimate moves, and Wei Yueying's explanation for this smile was: Because the smile that naturally appears in the heart of love and happiness is the standard for loving him, Ye Chen just took the initiative to close the relationship between the two when he knew Wei Zhaowen's "friendship" to him, But if there is further development, Ye Chen is unacceptable.
But Wei Zhaowen suddenly seemed to notice that there was some ambiguous expression on his face, maybe because of shyness or something else, he quickly returned to his usual expression, Ye Chen breathed a sigh of relief, but because he also knew that there was a special ambiguity in the matter of a boy giving a girl a necklace, so Ye Chen thought about it and said:
"This.... Uh, I wish you could always carry it, it will protect you, it's not essentially an ordinary necklace, promise me, okay? ”
Wei Zhaowen looked at the necklace that flashed with a streamer in her hand, held it tightly in her hand, put it on her chest, and nodded at Ye Chen, her heart was filled with a satisfaction and expectation that she had never seen before, she thought in her heart:
"Sure enough! Sure enough, what he gave me was a symbol of his love, but he should be the same as me, and he is not very good at expressing the feelings in his heart, it doesn't matter! Ye Chen, I understand your intentions! ”
Ye Chen, who looked at Wei Zhaowen smiling, was also infected by her smile and laughed, the two smiled at each other, but the understanding of this smile in their hearts was different, even very different, but the miracle was that neither of them found this abnormality but naturally followed, and at this time, Ye Chen suddenly thought of the technical information of the superconducting material he drew in the lottery system, so he asked Wei Zhaowen:
"Zhaowen, is there still a wide application market for superconducting materials?"
Wei Zhaowen then nodded and replied:
"Now all countries attach great importance to the research of superconducting materials, because it brings not only a significant reduction in power consumption in the civilian field, greatly reducing social expenditures, but its more important use lies in the military industry, military aspects, now many military electronic components have instantaneous plate heating caused by the dull phenomenon, this problem will greatly affect the performance of weapons and related equipment, and because of the need to reserve the position of heat dissipation and auxiliary devices, the volume and power of many military equipment can not be improved, so to speak, Nowadays, superconducting materials with zero resistance at room temperature are a problem for all mankind today, and if they are overcome, not to mention the whole human race, China's national strength and society can jump by an order of magnitude. ”
Speaking of this, Wei Zhaowen paused, and then said in a somewhat discouraged tone:
"I have been researching in this field before, but the results are not too significant, although there are several node technologies that have applied for international patents, but there is still a great distance from the real mass production and use of material goals, and now the research in this area has fallen into a bottleneck in our country, although according to our scientists in the national scientific research project in the United States There is no major discovery and progress, but pinning on them can not find the key to a breakthrough in a short time, we are now stepping up research, Hopefully, the key method can be found soon! ”
Ye Chen nodded, thinking to himself:
"If, according to Zhaowen, now if I use the technology I drew through her relationship with the military to register military science and technology patents, then my status in the country will definitely have a qualitative improvement, and it will enter the key focus list of the country or the scientific research community, I will throw these technologies in stages, and then I will deploy them through other channels, I should be able to reach a heavyweight position in China before the arrival of mechanical civilization, and only in this way can I lead Huaguo to defend and deploy the invasion of mechanical civilization!"
Wei Zhaowen looked at Ye Chen, who was nodding thoughtfully, and her first reaction was that she felt that Ye Chen might not have an exact understanding of what she said now, so she quickly explained to Ye Chen:
"Ye Chen, that... You're still a little unfamiliar with the superconducting materials I'm talking about! I happen to know something, shall I tell you about it? ”
Ye Chen came back to his senses and nodded, he really lacked an exact understanding of this aspect now, he just knew its importance in previous books, scientific magazines and the Internet, so he also needed some professional explanations, but when he was about to ask Wei Zhaowen to tell him about it, a large amount of related knowledge suddenly appeared in Ye Chen's mind, and after a short period of surprise, he guessed that this might be because the technology he extracted had been stored in his mind, so Ye Chen paused and said:
"Well, Zhaowen, I actually have some understanding of this aspect, superconducting materials, refers to a conductor with zero resistance at a certain temperature, in the experiment, if the measured value of the conductor resistance is less than 10-25Ω, the resistance can be considered to be zero, and now China and other countries have obtained some samples of superconducting materials at some extreme temperatures, but they cannot be manufactured and applied in large quantities. Superconductors not only have the characteristics of zero resistance, but also have complete diamagnetism, superconductors have carried out a series of experimental applications, and have carried out certain military and commercial applications, and can be used as defective materials for photonic crystals in the field of communications. ”
Ye Chen thought about the knowledge in his mind, sorted it out a little and continued:
"Superconductors have three fundamental properties: complete conductivity, complete diamagnetism, and flux quantization.
Full conductivity, also known as the zero resistance effect, refers to the phenomenon in which the temperature drops below a certain temperature and the resistance suddenly disappears.
Full conductivity is suitable for direct current, and superconductors will have AC losses when they are exposed to alternating currents or alternating magnetic fields, and the higher the frequency, the greater the losses. [1] AC loss is an important problem to be solved in the practical application of superconductors, and at the macro level, AC loss is caused by the difference between the induced electric field and the induced current density generated inside the superconducting material. Microscopically, AC losses are caused by the viscous motion of quantized magnetic flux lines. AC loss is an important parameter to characterize the performance of superconducting materials, and if AC loss can be reduced, the cooling cost of superconducting devices can be reduced and the stability of operation can be improved.
Complete diamagnetism, also known as the Meissner effect, "diamagnetism" refers to the phenomenon that the magnetic field lines cannot pass through the superconductor and the magnetic field inside the superconductor is zero when the magnetic field strength is lower than the critical value, and "complete" refers to the phenomenon that the order of the two operations of lowering the temperature to reach the superconducting state and applying the magnetic field can be reversed. The reason for complete diamagnetism is that the surface of the superconductor is capable of generating a lossless diamagnetic superconducting current, which generates a magnetic field that cancels out the magnetic field inside the superconductor.
The fact that superconductors have zero resistance is well known, but superconductors are not the same as ideal conductors. Starting from the electromagnetic theory, the following conclusions can be derived: if the ideal conductor is cooled to a low temperature and then placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic field inside the ideal conductor is zero; However, if the ideal conductor is placed in a magnetic field and then cooled to a low temperature, the magnetic field inside the ideal conductor is not zero. For superconductors, the internal magnetic field of the superconductor is always zero, regardless of the order in which the temperature is lowered to reach the superconducting state and the magnetic field is applied, which is the core of complete diamagnetism and the key to distinguishing superconductors from ideal conductors.
Flux quantization, also known as the Josephson effect, refers to the phenomenon that when the insulating layer between two superconductors is as thin as an atom, electron pairs can pass through the insulating layer to produce a tunnel current, that is, superconducting currents can be generated in the structure of superconductor-insulator-superconductor.
The Josephson effect is divided into the DC Josephson effect and the alternating current Josephson effect. The DC Josephson effect refers to the formation of superconducting currents through the insulating layer by pairs of electrons. The AC Josephson effect refers to the fact that when the applied DC voltage reaches a certain level, in addition to the DC superconducting current, there is also an alternating current, the superconductor is placed in the magnetic field, the magnetic field penetrates the insulating layer, and the maximum superconducting current of the superconducting junction changes regularly with the magnitude of the external magnetic field. ”