Chapter 35: Core Concepts?
"Huh... So what is his core concept...? ”
"Uh... I really doubt that you have been chasing your wife recently, how can such an obvious question be asked? ”
"Huh~ What you said seems to be that you are not afraid of your sister-in-law leaving you."
"Hmph, that's not it, at home, I say the east, she doesn't dare to say the west. How could I be afraid of her? ”
"Night Jingmo, the washboard is ready for you. If you dare not kneel tonight, the old lady will take her daughter to run away from home!! ”
Night Jingmo: "......"
Xiao Se: "......"
"We... Let's get down to business first. ”
"What about the washboard...?"
“...... Do you think it's okay not to kneel? ”
"I don't think so."
“......”
.......................................
"Democratic politics is the way and process of peacefully managing conflicts, establishing order, and realizing values such as equality, freedom, and popular sovereignty by virtue of public power. Its core connotation has the following three aspects:
First, elections.
The typical mode of modern democratic political life is the representative system, that is, the people cannot directly hold and manage the political power, but can only elect a small number of elites among the people to exercise power on their behalf.
Therefore, the election of leaders is the first core connotation of democratic politics, and elections in democratic politics must meet three conditions.
The first is free elections, which guarantee the free will of the electors and do not allow the coercion of electors in any way.
Second, change leaders regularly.
Thirdly, the election must be an act of choice, i.e. the elector chooses one of the two or more candidates. An election with only one candidate is just an act of promotion or support, not an election in the true sense of the word. This means that more than two candidates must compete for the same position, from which voters choose one candidate. In short, elections are the most important link in embodying the principle of "sovereignty in the people".
Second, the specialization and autonomy of various political subjects and the constraints of their interrelationships. From a horizontal point of view, political institutions such as political parties, executives, legislators, and the judiciary are independent institutions, that is, specialized structures with clear and definite role boundaries, and independent of each other.
From a vertical point of view, political institutions at different levels are relatively autonomous institutions, rather than subordinate institutions that only obey the orders of higher institutions. There is an interaction between horizontal and vertical political institutions, rather than a one-way relationship of influence in which a particular political body controls or dominates other political institutions.
Third, the legitimization of dissenting opinions.
Democracy is a process of institutional arrangements and practical behaviors in which members of the community peacefully resolve conflicts of interest based on universally agreed procedures and rules, so that the positive behavior of various stakeholders in pursuing interests can be sustained. Therefore, the freedom to express any dissenting opinions, according to specific procedures, is fundamental to democracy. At the same time, the legitimization of dissenting opinions is the fundamental guarantee for the effective operation of free and equal elections and the vertical and horizontal checks and balances between political institutions. ”
"What are the current ones..."
"I know what you're thinking. But... Have you ever thought that it is precisely because the current immortal world still maintains some characteristics of the emperor's autocracy that you can still be fearless in this life-and-death situation.
Let's say, centralization. Only by centralizing power can we make timely adjustments in times of crisis. For example, imagine that if there is a huge virus outbreak, will the centralized interface be able to make adjustments quickly, or the interface of decentralized checks and balances will be able to make it? ”
“......”
In addition, democratic politics is an advanced form of political lifestyle, a complex and complete system composed of many factors.
At the first level, democracy is a system of principles. For example, the principle of human dignity, the principle of equality, the principle of freedom, the principle of sovereignty in the people, etc.
The principle of human dignity refers to the fact that regardless of gender, status, wealth or poverty, the value of human beings is the most precious value in the world. Human dignity is the highest ultimate value goal of human society, and democracy is to realize human dignity to the greatest extent.
The principle of equality refers to the fact that all men are created equal and should have equal rights. In real life, everyone has different abilities and different environments, and it is impossible to enjoy absolutely equal rights and obligations. But in terms of human value, people should be equal to each other, and all are equal before the law.
The principle of freedom refers to the state in which people dominate themselves autonomously, without being coerced and dominated by others. In real life, freedom is not absolute, it is freedom under the corresponding legal system. First of all, one's freedom cannot interfere with the freedom of others. Second, in order for everyone to have as much freedom as possible, everyone must give up a part of their freedom to the state, which will restrict people's behavior in the form of systems and rules, so as to ensure that more people enjoy more freedom.
The principle of sovereignty in the people means that the power of the state comes from the people, and the people are the masters of the country, so the government is authorized by the people, and the government must obey the will of the people. The idea of sovereignty in the people originated in the three ideological emancipation movements in the West and was embodied in the Enlightenment.
At the second level, democracy is a set of principles. For example, the principle of discussion, the principle of compromise, the principle of majority, etc.
Discuss the principles. First of all, the principle of discussion is premised on the existence of dissent, opinions, and opposition, and the way and means of exchanging different opinions in the form of discussion, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and formulating the same policy. Secondly, discussion is the way and the way to resolve differences and conflicts peacefully. Thirdly, discussion is a way and means to openly exchange different views and to inform and participate the public in the policy-making process.
The principle of compromise. It refers to the way and process in which parties with different or opposing opinions adjust their opinions to achieve relative consistency in order to achieve a specific goal. First, the purpose of compromise is to develop more creative policies. Second, compromise is the process of getting to know each other and understanding each other's opinions, rather than each party sticking to its own opinions. Again, compromise is the process by which each party reflects on its own opinions in order to discover and create common ground, rather than one side blindly and absolutely submissively to the other. ”
Looking at Xiao Se, who was still a little hesitant in his eyes, Ye Jingmo couldn't help but sigh: "Actually, it's not just gentle. Soon, even I will take my wife and daughter to walk around the interfaces, and it will be time for him to usher in his democratic era......"