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Today is a day off, no update, tomorrow night at eight o'clock punctual update. So here is a reprint of an in-depth good article on the moon landing, pretending to have updated it......
Title: 50 Years of Man on the Moon, Looked Up to and Forgotten
Original: Figure 8 intersection
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In England in the last century, a song made Queen:
The song is "Killer Queen."
She stored MoΓ«t & Chandon champagne in that beautiful cupboard
She said, "Let them eat the cake!" β
Like Queen Mary Anthony
Give Khrushchev and Kennedy a shot of tranquilizers
β¦β¦
This song made Queen an overnight hit.
It sings about the true psychological state of ordinary people during the Cold War.
Ever since the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, humanity has entered a period of nuclear terror.
At the height of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were eyeing each other, each possessing tens of thousands of nuclear weapons capable of destroying the earth thousands of times.
This will be the first time in the history of mankind that there will be no winner.
Even if one side completely destroys the other and leaves itself unscathed, it will not survive the nuclear winter that will ensue.
U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the representatives of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, have become the two most stressed and high-profile figures in the world.
The New York Times ran a cartoon that appeared in Chinese middle school history books years later: Kennedy and Khrushchev each stretching out one hand and struggling to wrestle their wrists, the other pressing the nuclear button on the other.
All of humanity stared at their hands, hoping to give them a tranquilizer.
The White House once received a letter signed "a deeply concerned citizen."
Dear Mr. President,
I was deeply worried that the Soviet Union might attack the United States, which would destroy our country, so I designed a moon bomb that would save us.
I suggest that we make a huge rocket with a payload of a very long steel cable fixed to the Earth at one end.
Then we launch a rocket towards the moon, and the steel cable rises with it behind it.
When the rocket lands on the moon, a robot will fix the other end of the steel cable to the moon, and as the earth turns, the steel cable will pull the moon over; As long as the time is properly calculated, the moon will smash the USSR.
The moon, the celestial body that once illuminated all life on Earth, has become a symbol of human fear and imagination.
Against this backdrop, humanity landed on the moon on July 20, 1969.
The Cold War was the biggest driving force.
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the moon landing.
Fifty years have passed, and the Cold War has long since become history. And it's hard to say how much progress humanity has made.
We continue to live in suspicion, fear and mistrust.
And many of those who were looked up to have been forgotten.
01
Under the clouds of nuclear war, the Soviet Union not only sent a dog and a man into space with a rocket before the United States, but also sent a probe near the moon.
The meaning of this operation is, I won't hit you now, but my rocket can fly into space and have the ability to beat you at any time. What do you see?
The United States, on the other hand, can only grit its teeth and endure it, and cannot say a word to look at you.
At this time, the United States was unsuccessful in trying to send a satellite into the sky. Several rockets were launched, and they exploded one after another.
The people were disappointed, and the allies were talking.
The problem was in Kennedy's hands.
One thing must be done to restore Americans' confidence in this country.
At 44 years old, Kennedy is the youngest president in the history of the United States. Personable, known as the dream lover of women all over the world.
And his family is one of the top families in the United States in terms of wealth. His father, John F. Kennedy Sr., helped a man run for president: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
As a result, just a few days after he came to power, he was slapped loudly by Khrushchev, the old hat.
Kennedy could swallow this breath and set a small goal for the American people: to put a man on the moon within ten years.
The moon landing program "Apollo Program" was born.
Why name the moon landing program after the sun god? Just because the then NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) administrator had a whim:
Humans going to the moon is like Apollo driving a chariot across the sun, and it sounds magnificent.
According to the plan, the moon landing will be divided into three steps.
The first step is called the Mercury program, which matures and masters the ability to send astronauts into space; The second step is called the Gemini project, which will send probes and spacecraft to the vicinity of the moon; The third step was to achieve the Apollo program that would eventually land on the moon.
Since Galileo Galilei observed the craters on the moon with a telescope, mankind's understanding of the moon has not improved much in the past few hundred years.
At that time, the United States was an anti-intellectual society (in fact, it is much the same now).
When the moon landing program was proposed, various rumors from the American people immediately came flooding:
The spacecraft would fall into a pile of dust on the moon, and the astronauts would be buried alive before they could come out;
Beneath the moon hides terrifying underground creatures, waiting for astronauts sent from Earth to be eaten as jam pudding;
The moon landing could bring alien viruses that would become extinct after human infection......
Opportunity always belongs to those who are prepared. When the president proposes a moon landing, NASA naturally has to budget.
At that time, the United States spent about $600 million a year on aerospace. One adviser suggested to the director that the budget should be made smaller, so that it would be easier to pass.
The director waved his hand: No! You don't understand!
He made an eight-year, $20 billion plan, which was successfully approved.
As it turned out, the director was still too conservative.
In a speech in 1962, Kennedy officially announced the moon landing program.
The speech mentioned that that year, the United States spent $5.4 billion on spaceflight.
He hastened to add:
The amount is staggering, but it still doesn't exceed the annual amount of cigarettes and cigars Americans spend.
With so much money spent, Kennedy, of course, wanted to eat more than one fish.
The moon landing program was made at a time when the civil rights movement in the United States was on the rise. Leader: Martin. Luther. Kim later won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Kennedy instructed NASA to select a few black astronauts to encourage black people to pursue higher education and alleviate racial tensions within American society.
Of course, the reason why there is a black civil rights movement is because the rights of black people are really suppressed.
There are fewer blacks in the military and fewer pilots. Dozens of white pilots were quickly selected as candidates for astronautics, while NASA struggled to select only one black Air Force colonel.
Sadly, the black colonel was killed in a training accident.
In that decade, as many as 10 U.S. astronauts died in training.
For example, the experimental module of the Apollo 1 spacecraft caught fire during the simulation experiment, igniting the pure oxygen used in the cabin, and the hatch failed to open in time, and the three astronauts were suffocated and burned to death in just a dozen seconds.
The subsequent accident investigation report pointed out that the Apollo 1 spacecraft had more than 5,000 safety problems and needed more than 1,300 technical improvements and tackles.
In the years that followed, the United States was investigating hidden dangers and solving technical problems. Hundreds of thousands of people work overtime all year round to achieve the goal of landing on the moon.
No. 7, No. 8, No. 9...... It wasn't until the Apollo 10 experiment launched the lunar module that the moon landing saw a little light.
By this time, Khrushchev had long since stepped down in a palace coup d'Γ©tat in the Soviet Union. President Kennedy became an old man.
Less than two years after that speech announcing the moon landing program, he was assassinated.
02
On Wednesday, July 16, 1969, local time, more than 1 million people gathered at the Kennedy Space Center on the Florida Peninsula.
Originally known as the Cape Canaveral Launch Site, it was renamed in honor of President Kennedy after his assassination.
This day was chosen mainly because of the moon's orbit to perigee.
Perigee means that the closest distance to the Earth, only 363,300 km, to save fuel as much as possible. This distance is already close to the limit of the rocket's thrust.
On this day, the Sun-Moon angle is at its best, and the astronauts are exposed to as little solar radiation as possible.
The launch site was chosen here mainly because it is the closest point to the equator in the continental United States, which is the belt of the earth.
Launching a rocket at this site can maximize the use of the earth's rotation to increase the speed, allowing the earth to throw the rocket out, and also to save fuel.
More than 350,000 cars and boats are crowded with nearby hotels, highways, waterways, and rivers. More people were standing by the TV. More than 2,000 journalists from various countries have been dispatched.
In San Francisco, a Chinese woman named Zhang Ailing heard that there would be a live TV broadcast of a human landing on the moon tomorrow, so she hurried to buy a TV, but because she had just arrived, she used the street sign as a bus stop after buying it, and she didn't wait for the bus after a day of exposure.
In Hawaii, a black child, born in the same year as the moon landing, is staring at a television screen. Decades later, he said in his memoirs that at the age of 8, he could not understand what it meant for a man to go to the moon.
On the launch pad, stands a rocket up to 110 meters high. The total weight of this rocket is 3,039 tons after refueling, which is equivalent to 2,000 cars. And its value is comparable to 2,000 cars.
At half past six in the morning local time, the three astronauts were helped by the staff to put on the bulky spacesuits weighing 120 kilograms, and then helped them into the car and went to the launch pad.
At 9:32 a.m., the rocket was launched, and a huge booster slowly and scorched the spacecraft into space.
According to the plan, they will start to circle the earth for one and a half minutes in 15 minutes, adjust and check the spacecraft equipment; The third-stage rocket ignited, broke free from Earth's gravity, and propelled the spacecraft to the moon 360,000 kilometers away in 90 hours.
For nearly four days, they were required to strictly adhere to the organization's regulations:
Sleep 8 hours a day and eat 4 meals.
NASA has prepared two menus for the astronauts:
bacon, peaches, sugar crackers, pineapple juice, grapefruit and coffee;
Beef stew, chicken broth, date cake, grape juice and orange juice.
In order to preserve and save time, these foods are made into ready-to-eat jelly-like food, which does not need to be heated and refrigerated, but the taste is not very good.
Flying to the moon were three Caucasian American men.
Neil. Armstrong, an Air Force test pilot, is a typical doer, unsmiling, and mild-mannered.
What prompted him to participate in the moon landing was the death of his youngest daughter in an illness a few years ago, and the man decided to comfort himself through his career.
Buzz Aldrin, a naval pilot, is technically sound, ambitious, conceited, and straightforward. He was the best of the astronauts, but he was not likable, and few people could befriend him.
Michael Collins, originally an Apollo 8 astronaut, was sent to Apollo 11 as the pilot of the main spacecraft after a spinal surgery delayed the mission.
It was by chance that they were the first humans to land on the moon.
According to the original plan, the three astronauts who died on Apollo 1 were the best candidates to land on the moon for the first time, followed by one astronaut from Apollo 7.
As a result, he had a constant runny nose in a weightless environment in the simulation of the space environment, and he may die of dehydration.
It was the three of them's turn.
From left to right: Armstrong, Collins, Aldrin
According to the plan, after reaching the vicinity of the moon, the main spacecraft "Columbia" will fly around the moon and separate the "Eagle" lunar module.
Both names have their own meanings.
Columbia, from the French Verne's work "From the Earth to the Moon" 100 years ago, the spacecraft that flew to the moon in that book was called Columbia; The "eagle" is the national symbol of the United States, the bald eagle.
After that, Armstrong and Aldrin will travel to the surface of the moon on the "Eagle". Collins stayed on the Columbia and missed the moon landing.
Before leaving, he received an order that if Armstrong and Aldrin were unable to return within a day, he would return to Earth in a spaceship alone.
At that time, the two companions had become the first human victims on the moon.
Half a month before the launch of Apollo 11, the Soviet Union preemptively carried out a launch of a rocket to the moon.
It wants to land on the moon before the United States and humiliate the Americans.
As a result, the bear was slapped in the face by reality.
The rocket exploded 12 seconds after liftoff, sending more than 2,300 tons of burning high-purity liquid oxygen and kerosene pouring down from the sky.
It took 18 months for the authorities to clean up the damage caused by the explosion.
Expert assessment: This is the greatest damage caused by non-nuclear weapons in the history of mankind.
The White House prepared two speeches.
One is the successful landing of Apollo 11 on the moon, and President Nixon will read:
Because of your achievements, the sky has also become a part of the human world. so that peace and tranquility may also be attained on earth.
At this most precious moment in human history, people from all over the world have come together and they are proud of your accomplishments.
The other is a letter of condolence. If they were killed, the president would say:
Fate dictates that these expeditions to the moon will rest in peace on the moon forever.
These brave men have known for a long time that they have no hope of returning, but they also know that humanity will have more hope thanks to their sacrifices.
The astronauts prepared by signing hundreds of photographs and postcards with their names and selling them to their families to support their families if they were killed.
They used to consider buying insurance, but most insurance companies refused to insure them. There are a few left, and the offer is also unacceptable to them.
03
On July 20, after a four-day cosmic trek, Columbia arrived over the moon and successfully separated.
"Eagle", which began to move towards the moon 60 miles away.
And at this time, the whole world is concerned about a problem:
Who will be the first to land on the moon?
The answer is: Neil. Armstrong.
Forty minutes later, at 4:17:42 p.m. Houston time on July 20, 1969, the space center heard the long-awaited words:
In Houston, the eagle has successfully landed in the Silent Sea.
This Jinghai is not the Jinghai of Tianjin, but the basin in the center of a crater explored by the Apollo spacecraft several times before, and the terrain is flat, which is convenient for the spacecraft to land.
Jinghai covers an area of 420,000 square kilometers, which is about the size of the Black Sea. If you don't know how big the Black Sea is, then it's not outrageous to think about the Heilongjiang River (450,000 square kilometers).
In fact, the moon landing almost didn't work.
While descending to the lunar surface, the lunar module computer made an error and issued a malfunction alarm to cancel the mission. But Armstrong didn't believe in evil, insisted on using manual driving to complete the task.
The honor of the first man to land on the moon finally belonged to him.
After three hours of preparation, Armstrong climbed down from the lunar module, and nearly 700 million people around the world watched him cautiously as he walked cautiously to the desolate lunar surface through television cameras mounted on the Eagle.
This is Aldrin. As for why not Armstrong, there are below
During this time, they both played the fourth movement of Czech composer DvoΕΓ‘k's Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" in the lunar module, which is said to be an allusive commemoration of Columbus's discovery of the New World of America.
4. Allegro con fuoco (4th movement, warm allegro)
Berliner Philharmoniker; Rafael Kubelik - Dvorak: The 9 Symphonies
When his left boot touched the surface of the moon, Armstrong uttered the first words of man on the moon.
What should be said in the first words of a human landing on the moon? I'm afraid that all people in the world have their own answer to this question.
Before the moon landing, he received tens of thousands of letters of advice on this issue.
Among them, the first and second places in the total number are reading the Bible and reading a passage of Shakespeare, respectively.
But instead of giving this honor to God and Shakespeare, he said something that he owned the intellectual property rights of.
That's one small step for manοΌ one giant leap for mankind.
It's a small step for me personally, but it's a giant leap for humanity.
He understands that whatever he says in the first sentence will be etched in human history and forever remembered by people across races and nationalities.
No one can resist such temptation. It's human nature.
By contrast, the first words of the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly into space, were uncreative.
The flight is normal.
Nineteen minutes later, Aldrin exited the cabin.
Behind them, the distant horizon of the moon seemed within reach. If you look up, you can see the half-bright, half-dim Earth, with the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula next to it clearly visible.
Beneath your feet is the silvery gray lunar soil.
Because there is no air on the moon, there is no weathering. In Armstrong's words, lunar soil is hard and sharp like a mixture of dust and coral reefs.
The moon doesn't smell good. When they returned, they smelled the lunar dust on their spacesuits, and it felt like an explosion of metal and gunpowder.
Without the air as a medium for the transmission of sound, there is only a dead silence on the surface of the moon.
It's probably the quietest place ever walked by man.
In addition to hearing human voices when talking through headsets, the astronauts in the spacesuits can only hear the buzzing signal murmur and the sound of their own heartbeats.
Because the gravity of the Moon is only one-sixth that of the Earth, the spacesuit that is too heavy to walk on Earth is less than twenty kilograms here. With a few gentle steps, you can jump up to nearly half a meter high.
Due to a lack of knowledge about the Moon, NASA gave them only two hours and forty minutes of lunar activity for the first lunar landing.
The two astronauts first placed a metal plaque on the moon, which was carved with the outline of the eastern and western hemispheres of the Earth, and a sentence.
This sentence is very official:
In 1969,
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