Republic of China

On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in as the provisional president in Nanjing, proclaiming the establishment of the Republic of China. On January 2, Sun Yat-sen announced that the provinces would switch to the Gregorian calendar, but unfortunately the Republic of China was stolen by Yuan Shikai less than 100 days after its establishment.

After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty appointed Yuan Shikai as the prime minister in order to maintain its rule, hoping to use his military power to suppress the revolutionary party. Huang Xing of the Revolutionary Party promised Yuan Shikai that "as long as he is in favor of the republic, he will be elected president." After that, Yuan Shikai agreed to this condition, coerced Qing ** to abdicate, and won preferential conditions for Qing **. After that, Sun Yat-sen had many conversations with Yuan Shikai, and Yuan Shikai was elected as the second provisional president of the Republic of China, and began centralized politics in order to become emperor.

In order to check and balance Yuan Shikai's power, Song Jiaoren withdrew from the cabinet in June 1912, reorganized the League in August, and united several small parties to form the Kuomintang. Yuan Shikai sent people to assassinate Song Jiaoren and became the leader of the "Second Revolution", but because the Second Revolution did not have a unified leadership deployment, it failed. Subsequently, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others fled to Japan.

After Yuan Shikai trampled on the "Temporary Date" at will, with the support of the Japanese, on December 12, 1915, he announced that he would accept the imperial throne, overthrow the republic, restore the imperial system, and change the Republic of China to the "Chinese Empire". When the news broke, the forces of various factions in various localities quickly united to form an anti-Yuan united front, in which the army led by Cai Yi of Yunnan was the main force of the national defense army. Yuan Shikai was forced to announce the abolition of the imperial system in March 1916, and Yuan Shikai died of illness in August, and became an emperor for 83 days.

In June 1916, Duan Qirui signed the election of Li Yuanhong as the third president of the Republic of China. In June 1917, the "Braided Army" led by Zhang Xun was to be restored, and it was announced that he would support Pu Yi to re-ascend the throne as emperor. The following month, Pu Yi ascended the throne and named Li Yuanhong a "first-class meritorious service" in recognition of his "return to power". Li Yuanhong did not give up his idea of being quite presidential, he asked all localities to crusade against Zhang Xun, announced the appointment of Duan Qirui as the prime minister, and Feng Guozhang as the acting president, but he himself took refuge in the Japanese mansion. Duan Qirui quickly pacified Zhang Xun, returned to Beijing and became the acting president, and after a year in power, Xu Shichang was elected president of the Republic of China in October 1918.

On June 28, 1919, after the end of World War I, it was signed at the Palace of Versailles in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, and foreign countries recognized Japan's rights and interests in Shandong. But the Chinese did not agree, and on May 4, 1919, the May Fourth Movement broke out in China. On February 4, 1922, China and Japan signed the Sino-Japanese Treaty on the Settlement of the Outstanding Shandong Question and its annexes in Washington. Under the terms of the treaty, Japan would return the old German leased land to China.

The Zhi-Anhui War, which broke out in July 1920, was a war fought between the direct line of the Beiyang warlords (Feng Guozhang, Wu Peifu, Cao Kun) and the Anhui line (Duan Qirui) for the control of the central government. The war ended with the defeat of the Anhui system.

On November 23, 1920, Chen Duxiu drafted the Manifesto of the Communist Party of China.

At eight o'clock in the evening of July 23, 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China opened.

In April 1922, war broke out between the direct warlord Wu Peifu and the Feng warlord Zhang Zuolin. The first direct line wins, and the Feng family loses and exits. The second time the Feng family won, the direct line was defeated, and since then the direct line forces have collapsed, and Beiyang ** fell into the hands of the Feng warlords.

In June 1922, Chen Jiongming rebelled in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen was overwhelmed by the fate of China, and in desperation, he sought out Lenin and the Communist Party of China to discuss cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and a common revolution.

In January 1923, the Kuomintang formally established an alliance with the Soviet Union, and in June, the Communist Party of China held its Third National Congress, which formally adopted the decision that Communists could join the Kuomintang in their individual capacity. Sun Yat-sen began his policy of national salvation of the "United Russia and the Communist Party".

On January 20, 1924, Sun Yat-sen announced the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and with the help of the Comintern representative and the Communist Party Li Dazhao and others, Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Kuomintang Army Military Academy, and appointed Chiang Kai-shek as the chairman.

On June 16, 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy was formally established, Sun Yat-sen published the "Northern Expedition", and Chiang Kai-shek served as the principal.

On October 23, 1924, Feng Yuxiang staged a coup d'état in Beiping, forcing Beijing**, which was directly under his control, to order an armistice, dismiss Wu Peifu from office, imprison President Cao Kun, and announce the establishment of the "National Army". After the coup, Feng Yuxiang instructed the regency cabinet to pass the "Amendment to the Preferential Conditions of the Qing Dynasty", abolishing the imperial title, moving the Qing family out of the Forbidden City, and expelling Pu Yi from the palace.

March 12, 1925. On his way to Beijing to discuss the state of affairs with Feng Yuxiang, Sun Yat-sen suddenly suffered from liver disease while passing through Tianjin, and unfortunately died in Beijing at the age of 59.

In May 1926, Ye Ting's troops of the Fourth Army of the Kuomintang entered Hunan to fight with the warlord Wu Peifu, and the Northern Expedition began, and then eliminated the warlord Sun Chuanfang, and after connecting Changsha, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shanghai and other places, the Kuomintang was divided due to different attitudes towards the Communist Party of China, Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-shek broke up, and the Northern Expedition came to a standstill. The National Revolutionary Army continued the Northern Expedition, and with the participation of Feng Yuxiang in the northwest and Yan Xishan in Shanxi, it conquered Beijing in 1928, causing the Beiyang Feng warlord Zhang Zuolin to be assassinated by the Japanese in Huanggutun on the way to the northeast, and his son Zhang Xueliang announced the change of banner in the northeast, so that the Northern Expedition was completed and basically unified China.

During the Northern Expedition, on April 12, 1927, the Kuomintang New Right led by Chiang Kai-shek launched an armed coup d'état against the Kuomintang Left and the Communist Party in Shanghai, massacring Communist Party members, Kuomintang leftists and revolutionary masses.

In 1928, the Gui warlords led by Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi posed a threat to Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship, and Chiang Kai-shek decided to get rid of the Gui forces.

In February 1929, Chiang Kai-shek and the Gui Department launched a fierce war in order to compete for Hunan, and in June 1929, Li Zongren sent a telegram to the wilderness, and Bai Chongxi fled to **, and the Chiang-Gui War ended. Chiang Kai-shek began to encircle and suppress the Chinese Communist Party after solving internal problems such as Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, and Li Zongren.

In December 1930, Chiang Kai-shek transferred 100,000 troops, with Lu Diping, chairman of Jiangxi Province of the Kuomintang and commander-in-chief of the Ninth Route Army, as the director of the Nanchang camp, and organized and commanded a large-scale encirclement and suppression of the central revolutionary base areas and the Red First Army.

In February 1931, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized a total of 200,000 troops to launch the second encirclement and suppression of the Red Army. The 1st and 3rd corps of the Red 1st Front, with a total of about 30,000 people, smashed the enemy's encirclement and suppression under the command of Mao ** and Zhu De.

The third anti-encirclement and suppression From July to September 1931, Chiang Kai-shek appointed himself as the commander-in-chief of the encirclement and suppression army, and He Yingqin was the commander-in-chief of the former enemy, leading about 300,000 troops to encircle and suppress, and the Red 1st Front Army under the command of Mao ** and Zhu De once again smashed the enemy's third encirclement and suppression.

On the evening of September 18, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army blew up the South Manchurian Railway and framed the Chinese army. Because Zhang Xueliang adhered to the "policy of non-resistance", in February 1932, the entire territory of Northeast China fell. After that, Japan established a puppet regime of Manchukuo in Northeast China, and began a 14-year enslavement and colonization of the people of Northeast China.

On January 15, 1932, the Communist Party of China issued the Declaration of War against Japan, which opposed Japanese imperialism and called on the entire Chinese people to wage a national revolutionary war.

At the end of January 1933, Chiang Kai-shek appointed himself commander-in-chief of the anti-bandit army in the Jiangxi-Guangdong-Fujian border region, and with nearly 400,000 troops, he was preparing to launch the fourth encirclement and suppression against the central Soviet region. The Red Front Army, with a total strength of about 70,000 troops, under the command of Commander-in-Chief Zhu De and General Political Commissar Zhou Enlai, smashed the enemy's encirclement and suppression.

On August 16, 1933, Japan secretly established the infamous Unit 731 in Harbin.

In the fifth anti-encirclement and suppression, from September 25 to October 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized about 1 million troops, and directly used 500,000 troops to attack the central Soviet area.

On December 12, 1936, in order to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to stop the civil war, he unanimously resisted Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched a "military admonition" at Huaqingchi in Xi'an to detain Chiang Kai-shek. Under the leadership of Comrade Zhou Enlai and Comrade Ye Jianying sent by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chiang Kai-shek finally accepted the proposal of "stopping the civil war and uniting with the Communist Party to resist Japan" and resolved it peacefully, which led to the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. After the Xi'an Incident, Zhang Xueliang sent Chiang Kai-shek to Nanjing, after which Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest for a long time, and then due to the defeat of the Kuomintang, he was taken to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek for house arrest, restored his personal freedom in 1990, moved to Hawaii in the United States in 1995, and died in Honolulu on October 14, 2001, at the age of 101.

Yang Hucheng was imprisoned for 12 years for capturing Chiang Kai-shek, after which Yang Hucheng went abroad, and then secretly sneaked back to ** to participate in the anti-Japanese resistance, but was arrested by the Kuomintang, and in 1949, his children, guards, and secretaries, a total of 8 people were killed by the Military Administration in the Dai Gong Ancestral Hall.

On November 8, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the entire line to retreat, and Shanghai fell four days later.

On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army invaded Nanjing and began the Nanjing Massacre, which lasted for more than 40 days. Under the command of Matsui Ishine and Tani Shofu, the Japanese invasion of China carried out organized, planned, and premeditated massacres and bloody atrocities such as rape, arson, and robbery, in which a large number of civilians and prisoners of war were killed by the Japanese army, countless families were torn apart, and the number of victims of the Nanjing Massacre exceeded 300,000.

On August 20, 1940, the Communist Party of China launched the "Battle of the Hundred Regiments" to deal a blow to the arrogance of the Japanese army.

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese army dispatched more than 350 planes to attack Pearl Harbor in two hours, and the next day the United States officially declared war on Japan, and the Pacific War broke out, which pulled the United States into World War II.

On May 27, 1942, Chen Duxiu's stomach ulcer and cerebral congestion occurred at the same time, and he completed his life path in poverty and illness at the age of 64.

From July 1942 to the spring of 1943, there was an outbreak in Henan, China, covering Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, and Anhui. Of the total number of people affected, 12 million people died, about 1.5 million died from diseases caused by hunger and famine, and about 3 million people fled Henan.

On November 22, 1943, the "Cairo Declaration" clearly stated that the Chinese territories stolen by Japan, such as Northeast China, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands, would be returned to China.

On August 6 and 9, 1945, U.S. forces dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing a large number of civilian and military casualties.

On August 15, 1945, the Emperor of Japan made a broadcast to the whole of Japan accepting the Potsdam Proclamation and implementing unconditional surrender.

On January 5, 1946, the Republic of China recognized the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic.

From September 1948 to January 1949, three major battles were fought. The strategic decisive battles fought by the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang army included three strategic battles: the Liaoshen Campaign, the Huaihai Campaign, and the Pingjin Campaign.

On December 23, 1948, the Japanese war criminal Hideki Tojo was hanged by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East as the most criminal of war in Japan.

On April 21, 1949, Mao ** and Zhu De issued the "Order to March to the Whole Country". After the Kuomintang reactionaries refused to sign a domestic peace agreement, the People's Liberation Army, in accordance with the orders of Chairman Mao ** and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, launched a large-scale march on an unprecedented scale into the vast areas that had not yet been liberated.

On October 1, 1949, the Republic of China ended and the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. The People's Republic of China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, with the five-star red flag as the national flag, the "March of the Volunteers" as the national anthem, the national emblem as the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears and ears of wheat and rice, and the common language is Mandarin and standardized Chinese characters.

Greatness and sacrifice go hand in hand, and a person's greatness must be accompanied by sacrifice. This is true of many great men in history.