When Zhou Tianle was about to start his meal at noon, he closed the book and recalled the historical content of the Sui and Tang dynasties he read this morning.

Sui Dynasty

Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian was the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty, and his father Yang Zhong was a military nobleman of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty succeeded to the throne, with Yang Jian as the upper pillar of the country and the great Sima, and the position was long. In 581 AD, Yang Jian was made emperor by Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

After Emperor Wen of Sui ascended the throne, he carried out a series of reforms in politics, economy and other systems. Consolidate centralized power, reduce taxes many times, reduce the burden on the people, and stabilize economic development. In 589 AD, Emperor Wen of Sui sent Yang Guang, the king of Jin, south to Pingchen and unified the north and south.

Emperor Wen of Sui gradually became suspicious in the late period, easy to listen to slander, killed heroes, and deposed the crown prince Yang Yong and established Yang Guang, the king of Jin, as the crown prince, laying the root of the country's demise. In 604 AD, Emperor Wen of Sui died mysteriously in Renshou Palace. He reigned for 24 years and died at the age of 64.

During the reign of Yang Guang, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, he created the imperial examination system, repaired the Grand Canal of the Sui Dynasty, built the eastern capital, and moved the capital to Luoyang, which had a great influence on later generations. In 618 AD, the Xiaoguo army launched a mutiny in Jiangdu, and Yang Guang was hanged by the rebels.

Emperor Yang Yu of Sui Gong was the grandson of Emperor Yang Guang of Sui, and in 617 AD, Li Yuan invaded Chang'an and established Yang Yu as emperor. The following year, Li Yuan deposed Yang Yu and established himself as emperor.

Tang dynasty

Tang Gaozu Li Yuan was the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, and Li Yuan was born in the Guanlong aristocracy of the Northern Dynasty. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, when the world was in turmoil, Li Yuan took advantage of the situation to raise troops from Taiyuan and capture Chang'an. In May 618, Li Yuan was proclaimed emperor, the country was called Tang, and the capital was Chang'an, and soon after he unified the whole country. After the Xuanwumen Change, Li Yuan abdicated and became the Emperor Taishang. In the ninth year of Zhenguan, Li Yuan died of illness.

Tang Taizong Li Shimin was the second son of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan and Empress Dou. In 614 A.D., he married his wife Changsun, and on August 21 of the ninth year of Wude, he became the empress, that is, the empress of Changsun. In July 626, he launched the "Xuanwumen Rebellion", killed the crown prince Li Jiancheng, the king of Qi Li Yuanji and all their sons, and was canonized as the crown prince. After the abdication of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, he officially ascended the throne with the year name Zhenguan. In the early days of Li Shimin's reign, he listened to the opinions of his ministers and humbly accepted advice. Governing the world internally, strictly practicing economy, persuading agriculture and mulberry, realizing recuperation, national peace and security, and creating "the rule of Zhenguan". Open up the territory to the outside world, conquer the first Turk and Xue Yantuo, conquer Gaochang, Qiuci, Tuyuhun, hit Goguryeo hard, set up four towns in Anxi, let all ethnic groups get along harmoniously, and all ethnic groups in the north are jointly called "Tian Khan", laying an important foundation for the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty for more than 100 years. On July 10, 649, he died in the Hall of Hanfeng at the age of fifty-two, reigning for twenty-three years.

Tang Gaozong Li Zhi was the ninth son of Li Shimin, who created the rule of Yonghui with the legacy of Zhenguan. Soon after succeeding to the throne, Gaozong abolished the queen and changed the Wu clan to the queen. In this regard, the eldest grandson Wuji and Chu Suiliang and other veteran ministers objected. Li Yifu, Xu Jingzong and others catered to the emperor's will and expressed their approval, and Gaozong, with the support of Li Yifu and others, deposed the queen in 655 A.D. and established Wu as the empress. The eldest grandson, Wuji and Chu Suiliang, were both belittled, and soon after, the eldest grandson Wuji was forced to hang himself, and Chu Suiliang was exiled to Aizhou (present-day Thanh Hoa, Vietnam), where he died. The territory of the Tang Dynasty, with Gaozong as the largest, stretched from the Korean Peninsula in the east, the Aral Sea in the west, Lake Baikal in the north, and Hengshan in Vietnam in the south, which lasted for 32 years. Li Zhi reigned for 34 years and died in 683 AD at the age of fifty-five.

Tang Ruizong Li Dan is the eighth son of Li Zhi and the youngest son of Wu Zetian. He ascended the throne twice in his life, and then gave up the world, from 684 to 690 and from 710 to 712, a total of 8 years. In 690 AD, he gave way to his mother Wu Zetian and was named the emperor's heir. He ascended the throne again in 710 AD. In 712 A.D., Zen was the son of Li Longji (Tang Xuanzong), known as Emperor Taishang, who died in the fifth year of his reign at the age of fifty-five.

Wu Zetian is the only universally recognized female emperor in Chinese history. Tang Gaozong was the empress and Tang Gaozong was called the two saints, December 27, 683 A.D. - October 16, 690 A.D. as the empress dowager of Tang Zhongzong and Tang Ruizong, and then established himself as Emperor Wuzhou Zhou on October 16, 690 A.D. - February 22, 705 A.D., after abdicating in 705 A.D., she became the only female emperor in Chinese history.

Tang Zhongzong Li Xian is the seventh son of Tang Gaozong and the third son of Wu Zetian. He reigned from 683 to 684 and from 705 to 710. In 705 AD, under the threat of ministers and generals, Wu Zetian passed the emperor's throne to Li Xian. Li Xian restored Tang as the national name. After Li Xian's death, Empress Wei was killed by Li Longji shortly after. During the reign of Li Xian, the old system of the Tang Dynasty was restored, rents were exempted, bachelor's degrees were purchased, economic and cultural exchanges were developed, and the policy of harmony and proximity was implemented to ensure the stability of the frontier. In 710 A.D., some people accused Empress Wei of adultery, and Empress Wei was afraid that Li Xian would investigate and poison him to death with Princess Anle.

In May 710, Empress Wei established Li Chongmao, who was only 16 years old, as emperor, and Empress Wei was in charge of the dynasty. Less than a month after Li Chongmao ascended the throne, Li Longji, the king of Linzi, and Princess Taiping jointly launched the "Tanglong Coup", killing the political women led by Empress Wei, Princess Anle and Shangguan Wan'er. In 712 AD, Li Longji (Tang Xuanzong) ascended the throne in Chang'an and became emperor. In the early stage, pay attention to the chaos, appoint Yao Chong, Song Jing and other virtuous ministers, and make great efforts, his Kaiyuan prosperous era is the extremely prosperous era of the Tang Dynasty, in the later period of the reign of Yang Guifei, snubbing the government, favoring the traitorous ministers Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong, etc., plus policy mistakes and reuse An Lushan, the result led to the later eight-year Anshi Rebellion. laid the groundwork for the decline of the Tang Dynasty. In 756 AD, the crown prince Li Heng ascended the throne and respected him as the emperor. He died of illness in 762 A.D. at the age of 78, making him the longest-reigning emperor of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Suzong Li Heng was the son of Li Longji, and the Anshi Rebellion broke out in 755 AD. The following year, Tang Xuanzong fled to Sichuan, and Li Heng was located in Lingwu. During the reign of Suzong, it was impossible to limit the expansion of the power of the harem and eunuchs, but it left a hidden danger for the reconstruction after the Anshi Rebellion. Su Zong reigned for 7 years and died in a palace coup at the age of 51. After the death of Suzong, the eunuchs Li Fuguo and Cheng Yuanzhen killed Zhang Hou and others, and supported the crown prince Li Yu (Tang Dynasty Zong).

Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Yu is the eldest son of Tang Suzong, in 756 A.D. An Lushan rebels captured Tongguan, Xuanzong fled to Ma Weiyi, the local people took Suzong, escorted Suzong north to Lingwu that is, the emperor. In the Anshi Rebellion, in the name of Marshal Soldiers and Horses, Luoyang and Chang'an were recovered. In 762 AD, the eunuch Li Fuguo killed Empress Zhang, and Suzong was frightened and died. After Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he quelled the Anshi Rebellion in 763 AD and died in 779 AD.

Tang Dezong Li Shi is the eldest son of Daizong. In the early period of his reign, he trusted civil and military officials, and strictly forbade eunuchs to interfere in politics, which was quite popular; However, after the Jingyuan Mutiny, Dezong changed his view of the eunuchs, appointed the eunuchs as the commander-in-chief of the forbidden army, and increased miscellaneous taxes such as taxes and tea across the country, which led to growing resentment among the people. He died in 805 AD. He reigned for 26 years and died at the age of 64. Tang Shunzong Li Yu is the eldest son of Tang Dezong, succeeded to the throne in August of the same year, was forced to abdicate by the eunuch Ju Wenzhen, passed the throne to the crown prince Li Chun, and proclaimed himself the emperor.

After Tang Xianzong Li Chun ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern the country, reused the virtuous, reformed the maladministration, worked diligently in political affairs, and tried to prosper, which was known as "Yuan and Zhongxing" in history. Unfortunately, in 820 AD, he was murdered by the eunuch Chen Hongzhi. He was forty-three years old and reigned for fifteen years. Tang Muzong Li Heng was the third son of Tang Xianzong, who reigned for only five years, and died of poison after a stroke. Tang Jingzong Li Zhan was the eldest son of Tang Muzong, who was murdered by eunuchs in the second year after succeeding to the throne at the age of 18.

Tang Wenzong Li Ang is the younger brother of Tang Jingzong, ascended the throne in December 826 AD, reigned for 14 years, during the reign of political darkness, officials and eunuchs fought constantly, Tang Wenzong himself was also like a puppet, and finally died of depression at the age of 32.

In the first month of 840 AD, Wenzong was seriously ill, Qiu Shiliang and Yu Hongzhi abolished the crown prince and appointed Li Han as the emperor's younger brother. In the same month, Wenzong died, and Li Han ascended the throne, and later changed his name to Yan, which was for Tang Wuzong. During the reign of Wuzong, Li Deyu was appointed as the prime minister, and some reforms were made to the maladministration in the late Tang Dynasty. During his reign of seven years, he attacked the feudal towns and Buddhism internally, defeated the Uighurs externally, and strengthened the centralization of power. In April 846 A.D., he died of ingestion of elixir.

Tang Xuanzong Li Chen is the half-brother of Tang Muzong Li Heng. After the death of Tang Wuzong, Li Chen was established by the eunuch Ma Yuanzhen and others, and was succeeded by the emperor's uncle. During Li Chen's reign, he rectified the rule of officials and restricted the imperial family and eunuchs. In terms of foreign relations, it defeated Tibet, recovered Hehuang, and stabilized Saibei and Annan. The reign of Li Chen was another period of stability and prosperity after the Tang Dynasty succeeded Huichang Zhongxing, and it was known as the "rule of Dazhong" in history. The people called it "Little Taizong". In August 859, Li Chen died of poisoning by taking elixir at the age of 50 and reigned for 13 years.

Tang Yizong Li Yi is the eldest son of Tang Xuanzong Li Chen, after the death of Tang Xuanzong, the eunuch Wang Zongshi supported him, and during his reign, he worked hard to make the country prosperous, and continued to accept the words. In the later period of his reign, he was lavish in lavish pleasures, extravagant, and inappropriate in his appointment, and the people were not able to make a living, which led to turmoil throughout the country, and he died of illness in 873 A.D. at the age of forty-one. Tang Yizong Li Yi was the fifth son of Tang Yizong. When Tang Yizong was seriously ill and dying, Li Yi was made the crown prince with the support of eunuchs, and Tang Yizong was 12 years old at the time, making him the youngest emperor to ascend the throne in the entire Tang Dynasty. Soon after Emperor Xizong ascended the throne, the Huangchao Rebellion broke out. He died in Chang'an in 888 A.D. at the age of 27.

Tang Zhaozong Li Ye, the younger brother of Tang Emperor Li Yi, who was twenty-one years old when Zhaozong succeeded to the throne, fully understood the situation that prevented the restoration of Tang power and authority, and vowed to revive the dynasty. But the Tang Dynasty was already weak and difficult to return, and it was powerless to return to heaven. In August 904, Zhu Wen sent his confidant Jiang Xuanhui and others to Luoyang to kill Tang Zhaozong. The next day, Jiang Xuanhui falsely preached the holy decree, and Li Zhu, the king of Lihui, was appointed emperor.

Emperor Li Ji of Tang Dynasty was the ninth son of Li Ye of Tang Zhaozong and the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty. After Tang Zhaozong was killed, Jiang Xuanhui falsely passed on the edict to support Li Ji's accession to the throne. After reigning for 3 years, he was deposed, and the following year he was killed by a doom and buried in Wenling at the age of 17.

After the "White Horse Disaster" in 905 AD, the power of the Tang Dynasty was basically swept away. Emperor Tang Ai made Zhu Wen the king of Wei and added nine tins.

In 907 AD, Zhu Wen abolished Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty and established himself as the emperor, changed the name of the country to "Liang", known as Later Liang in history, Zhu Wen also became the Taizu of Liang, and the Tang Dynasty officially perished.