Chapter 1 Introduction: The Difference Between the Western Economic System and Marx's Economic System

Section 1: Differences in Value

Marx's economic system defines value as "the necessary labor time of society"; There are many branches of value understanding and analysis in Western economics, but its core is "supply and demand, that is, the market determines value"; Let's analyze the difference between the two, Marx's economic system of value judgment is to try to explain its essence, but weaken its social attributes, the value of horses in the actual economic behavior is not strong, this is also the reason why its opponents have been criticized, for example, for example, a commodity world has ten factories in production, to supply a specific group of people, now the production process has changed to shorten its time by one hour, but its function, production quantity, user population have not changed, so its value has changed? How much has changed? How is it measured? Marx does not seem to give us the answers to these questions, and it may be that the great man could not have imagined that the development of our human race is so fast, and it can also be seen that the value theory of the horse needs to be improved; Is the value theory of Western economics absolutely correct? Let's take a look at it, the value of commodities is reflected in the price is determined by supply and demand, note that Western economics avoids discussing value purely on value, they prefer to concretize the price and quantify the value accordingly, so its practicability in economic activities is very strong, but its definition of value is slightly vague, which is why Marx economists scoff at it, so what does it say? Let's analyze it specifically, and also use the above example, if the manufacturer remains unchanged for a short time, and the number of specific groups of people remains basically the same, then we can understand that the demand relationship is stable, so let's imagine if the stock of raw materials required for production is decreasing day by day, you are the manufacturer of this commodity, what will you do? It's clear that you're going to increase the price; Someone may say "the price goes up, the demand becomes smaller, the price returns, the value is reflected again, everything is perfect...", then I have to interrupt him and tell him the unfortunate news, the number of people in demand may not go down, because this product may be a necessity for a certain group of people, so it is just that the price rises, the supply and demand relationship remains the same, the production technology remains the same, and the product itself does not change in any way... In short, everything has not changed and the price has risen like this, in fact, I am still trying to find an excuse for them above, if it is just a simple psychological change to change the price, can you still understand the embodiment of this value? (Monopoly is the extreme of this phenomenon, even in the case of non-monopoly is universal, only the difference in degree) So, if you are in a hurry, they will tell you that there is no such thing as a "value standard", which in itself is meaningless, really? Can you accept a world without value, so how to determine value and what is the precise definition of value, we will analyze and answer in detail in the definition of "value" in the second chapter of value system economics;

Section 2: Differences in the Relations of Production

The definition of production relations in Marx's economic system can be divided into two parts, one is the relationship between people and things, and the other is the relationship between people; He believes that in the production of people and things, people create value, that is, the value of commodities; Marx's economic system believes that value is created by people through labor, capital itself does not have the ability to create value, workers create value, and capitalists obtain excess remuneration in the way of capital participation is the plundering of laborers' surplus value, so there is a relationship between people who are deprived of oppression; I agree with its definition of labor creating value, but the key point is the definition of labor process, labor scope and commodities, is there an oppressive relationship? I will talk about this in Chapter 3, "The Relations of Production" in the Economics of Value Systems; The Western economic system understands the relations of production as "division of labor" and "contract", that is, all people are part of the market, and the division of labor through the market protects their reasonable income, but the question is how is the division of labor in the market completed, is it spontaneous? "Independent"? Does it guarantee that it is "fair" and "effective...... And so on, all these are also the "practical problems" that our world is currently facing, so what is the relationship between it and the views put forward by Marx's economic system? Whether it is contradictory or parallel or something else, we will talk about later when we talk about the relations of production;

Section 3: Differences in the allocation of resources

Marx's economic system supports its wholeness in the distribution of resources, Marxism in a certain sense is its innovation in the distribution system of "resources" (materials), Marx's economic system and its philosophical system can be said to be the demonstration and support of it, its resource distribution system is based on the ownership of resources, and its viewpoint is "public ownership of resources", which is why it is said that the realization of Marxism must first carry out "public ownership", China has made mistakes in this regard, On the basis of "public ownership", its distribution system is "to carry out macro and micro distribution according to the actual needs of individuals and society", which seems to be very effective, and the negation and criticism of itself is meaningless and irrational, and the key is that it is worth exploring in practice; The allocation of resources in Western economics is inseparable from the social division of labor, that is, the distribution and integration of the entire social resources through the division of labor in the market. This is the situation in which the world is located, and its problems are also the problems that the world is facing, and to understand and solve its problems, on the one hand, of course, it is necessary to deeply study the current situation, and on the other hand, it is more important to understand the whole and the "position" in which it is located. These are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 Resource Allocation;

Chapter 2 Definition of "Value" in Value System Economics

In the first chapter, we have talked about the two major theoretical systems in the current world, their respective views and differences, and the reasons for the differences.

Section 1: The Three Elements of Value

Value is the standard for us to measure human economic activities, and there is no accurate definition of its identification, so we put forward a set of value theory, which is also the basis of our value system economics, which on the one hand determines the definition of value, and on the other hand, it also provides our own theory and basis for our own system that is different from Western economics;

Value is composed of three aspects, namely, natural value, functional value, and use value; Together, these three aspects form the definition of value in the field of economics;

Natural value: the natural property of the thing itself;

Functional value: the "functional attributes" developed by things through "natural attributes";

Use value: the "use attribute" that accompanies the completion of "functional attributes" or "natural attributes";

The natural value of a thing will determine its functional value, that is to say, the natural value of an object is decisive for its functional value, for example, if an object wants to conduct electricity, it must have the natural attribute of conduction, that is, the natural value, and it may have the corresponding functional attribute (functional value) after having such a natural attribute. How much is there in nature...... Everything that distinguishes such objects from other objects in nature;

Functional value and use value are intersecting but do not contain, for example, a television set, when its picture is faulty, it will affect its functional value, but if it is for a blind person, its use value is unchanged;

Through the above description, you will find that the value of the object changes with "time" and "space", so the value of an object is not a fixed value, which brings a problem to our practical application, that is, how do we describe the value of an object, we can't always add time and place every time, such as: January 1, 2015, a new printer in Beijing just left the factory Its value is 3000, which is too cumbersome and not feasible, Therefore, we take its general value according to the definition to describe it, we call it "general value" or "value", and a fixed value of it is called "absolute value";

For example, the reserves of diamonds are very small, so their natural value is very high, and their functional value and use value are determined according to the specific production, but they are not the main reason for their high value, it should be noted that it is not that its functional value and use value are irrelevant, the high price of diamonds is determined by its three attributes, you can imagine that you have a material X, its reserves are also very small, and it has similar functional value and use value to diamonds, such as the same can be made into jewelry, Then you can imagine that the value of them should be basically the same when they are made into jewelry, if there are no other two values, such as a virus, can be equally rare, or even more rare, how much are you willing to pay for it, I think no one will really buy it, because it does not have the other two properties of diamonds, so it does not have its value; (In Western economics, it is customary to use supply and demand to explain the "value of diamonds", which is actually one-sided and inaccurate), well, let's go back to the "general value" and "absolute value", when we say how much a diamond ring is worth, it is based on our above analysis of its value, with its "general value" description, if this is a ring worn on the hand of a person sitting opposite you, then when you say how much someone wears that diamond ring, it represents the "absolute value" of the diamond ring at that time, The premise is that you are very good at diamond rings;

Through the above description, I think basically everyone has understood the definition of value in the economics of the value system, do we still remember the case mentioned earlier when talking about the description of "value" in Marx's economics and Western economics, which two cases, what changes in the value of our value system, I think you have already obtained the answer through our definition of value, analysis has been obtained, the first case, the value of the commodity has not changed, its process has not changed, Therefore, all its natural value has not changed, its function has not changed, so its functional value has not changed, the supply and demand and the user group have not changed, so the use value has not changed, according to the value system definition of value, value is composed of natural value, functional value, and use value, in the case of no change, although the production time is reduced by one hour, but its value has not changed; In the second case, through the analysis of its natural value, functional value, and use value, we can find that its natural value increases with the gradual decrease of resources, so the overall value of its commodity increases, and the added value can be calculated by the equivalent value of reserves, consumption and consumption rate;

Before talking about the next section, I would like to add a few words, Marx's economics and the current Western economics description of value is not simply incorrect, but they describe it from their own different angles, for example, Marx's economics said that socially necessary labor time measures value, because in the case of production time is basically fixed, the shortening of time generally represents the reduction of the natural value contained in its commodity, and the shortening of human labor time is essentially a reflection of the change in the use value, which needs to be thought about firstLater, we will preach; It is precisely here that Western economics has written, so they put forward the concept that demand determines price and derive concepts such as "utility" and "marginal value", which in essence exaggerates the use value, weakens the functional value, and basically ignores the natural value, which is almost absurd!

Section 2: Natural Attributes and Social Attributes

The three elements of value: natural value, functional value, and use value; According to its attributes, it can be divided into two parts: natural attributes and social attributes; The significance of this division is that it allows for a clearer and deeper understanding of value and its changes;

The natural value of a thing is attributed to a natural attribute, which can be seen from its definition, and we have also analyzed this in the first section, and we will not repeat it here, but we need to remind everyone that even if a thing has a function, but its function is not developed from the natural attribute, then it still belongs to the natural attribute, and the value it has is still its natural value rather than its functional value, for example, although a plant can produce oxygen, this belongs to its natural value rather than its functional value. You put a pot of flowers and an oxygen concentrator in your room, and the value of your utilization of both is completely different; I always wonder if this is the same utility in Western economics, and whether their value is the same in their eyes; Therefore, in their view, human science and technology have no other meaning except for greater satisfaction of desires, and are destined to eventually push society into a material society, and it is irreversible; That's all I have to say about the natural properties of value, and we'll learn more about it later in the other chapters; Let's analyze the social attributes of value in detail: the social attributes of value include its functional attributes and use attributes;

In the previous section, I remember that we said that functional attributes and use attributes are intersecting but do not contain, and give an example, but you may be curious at the time, the use of attributes does not contain functional attributes, that means that functional attributes can contain use attributes, in fact, the answer is also no, we can take a specific look, for example, in the event of a fire, you can use a computer to smash the doors and windows in order to escape, then this computer has use value for you, that is, it has use attributes, But what you are using is not its functional value, that is, not its functional attributes, but its natural properties (natural values); We'll talk about the relationship in a moment, but it's important to remember that functional value and use value don't contain each other; Okay, let's first analyze the functional attributes, we talked about the functional attributes of the functional value through its natural attributes; Another important feature of functional attributes is additiveness, a thing with functional value may accumulate the use value of other things in the process of forming its functional value, so its functional value may include the accumulation of the use value of other things and the transformation of its own natural value; Let's take a specific example, for example, the mobile phone you use, the formation process of its functional value can be briefly summarized as: the designer's design - processing on the > assembly line - > the use of other mature technologies - > assembly product, 4 parts, then each step needs to use the use attributes of other things to complete, so the functional value of its production includes the use value of other things; You may feel that it is awkward to use words like "other things", but it is true, in fact, these words can be expressed in two words - "product", because we only give the definition of product in the fourth section of this chapter, so we can only use this more awkward expression here;

The use attribute of a thing, that is, the use value, is generated when the functional attribute or natural attribute is realized, so a thing does not necessarily have a use value after it has functional value; For example, in the example of the mobile phone we mentioned above when we talked about the functional value, if we take it to a desert, its own functional value is unchanged, but its use value is zero; Therefore, the significance of use value is to stimulate its functional value or natural value to provide conditions for its possible realization;

The three values of things cannot replace each other, and the natural value and the functional value are the prerequisites for their use value, but they cannot determine the size of the use value; On the other hand, the external effects of natural value and functional value are accomplished through the use of value, but the same use value cannot determine the magnitude of its natural value and functional value;

Natural value – > use value;

natural value—> functional value—> use value;

Natural value is the natural attribute of things, functional value is the necessary social attribute of things, and use value is the conditional social attribute of things;

We can also give a specific example, for example, the value of a computer is determined by its natural value, functional value, and use value, its natural value is the resources consumed during production, the functional value is its own function of the product, and the use value is that the product can play a value in the hands of users; In reality, we can imagine what the value of Apple's mobile phone would be if it didn't have a large number of young users who were proficient in using its features! And we should note that most of the people who buy Apple mobile phones have mobile phones, and the demand generated by product replacement is only its appearance and not the essence, if the replacement of products is understood as a new increase in demand, then the demand will always be equal to the total value of the world, because everything will be replaced, without exception, and more importantly, the occurrence of replacement is more determined by personal subjective consciousness, which is meaningless to judge the value of things, and may have its role in commercial marketing; Human consciousness is subjective, the overall level of human consciousness is objective, it is an objective manifestation of the level of human consciousness in a historical period, so we can understand natural value as the natural objective standard of things, functional value as the objective standard of things themselves, and use value as the objective standard of the average level of human consciousness in the society in which we live (consciousness: thought and knowledge);

For example, the material cost of an item is 300, the manufacturing cost is 700, and its reasonable ownership value is 1000 in our space and time, then when we spend 1000 to buy this item, its total value of 1000 includes: natural value is 300, functional value is 400, and use value is 300; Of course, in reality, we can rarely buy a thing with a reasonable possession value, which may be higher or lower than its true value, and this change is not necessarily reasonable; How this reasonable value of possession can be obtained will be analysed later in the allocation of resources that we will talk about in Chapter 4;

Natural attributes are the prerequisites for social attributes, so can things have no functional value and use value, only natural value; Let's take an extreme example, Lu in the United States

a

Assembly sold land on one of the moons, Mars and Jupiter for £10 (about $14) per acre, and millions of people are said to have paid for it, and now holds a certificate of land for 280 million acres of alien land; , former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan, Carter, famous movie stars Tom Cruise, Harrison Ford, John Travolta, Eddie Murphy and some unnamed royals have become owners of alien lands. Three other mega companies bought 2.6 million acres each and wanted to go to alien mining for platinum and other minerals. If anyone wants to think that they are stupid, it must be him who has the problem, why would anyone spend money to buy something that looks "worthless"? Because this kind of conclusion that "there is no value" explained by the "utility theory of value" of Western economics is itself wrong, can we explain it with demand, what needs does the land on this moon satisfy? Which "paper" is it? As if not, "dreams" and "lies"? Do you think there will be so many people who will be willing to pay for "dreams" and "lies", I don't think it is possible, so the demand theory cannot explain this phenomenon, can Marx's economic theory? Because of Lu

a

Assembly observes the Moon, Mars, and Jupiter and deserves the necessary social labor time, so it gets its due value; It seems to be possible, but it is too unsatisfactory, because the value of this labor cannot be reflected; So what is its value, let's break it down in detail: Lu

a

The "land" sold by Assembly Company, its natural value as land is complete (we tentatively assume that there is no water on these planets), and its functional value and use value are currently zero, so its value is only composed of natural values, and we will say one more thing here, so when will it have its functional value and use value, according to the last sentence of the above report: 3 other mega companies have bought 2.6 million acres each, and they want to go to the extraterrestrial mining of platinum and other minerals. Only when this becomes a reality, that is, when they exploit their natural values and apply them to our world, can we say that these lands have functional and use value for us human beings;

Section 3: Stimulation of human use value

As a member of the natural world, the value of human beings is the same as other things, including natural value, functional value and use value. The natural attributes of human beings are basically universally recognized, and Marx also put forward the "natural nature of man" in his "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844", and he clearly pointed out that "human beings directly belong to natural beings". So here we don't need to go into a lot of trouble, just briefly describe, first of all, from the perspective of human life, human beings are the existence of nature. The existence of human life is the same as the existence of other things in nature. Whether it is a human being, an animal, or something else, from an existential point of view, it must rely on nature. Secondly, from the perspective of the individual person, man is a biological being. Human beings carry out their own life activities in nature, and human life activities are based on the natural world, and in order to survive, human beings will inevitably follow the laws of nature.

So how to distinguish between the natural value and the functional value of human beings, that is, the difference between natural attributes and functional attributes of human beings: the natural attributes of human beings are the ability of human beings to use their own attributes to create value, and functional attributes are the ability of human beings to use other things to create value through learning; For example, the natural ability of a person to carry stones by physical strength is his natural value, and if a person learns the principle of levers and other physical knowledge, it belongs to functional value;

The "human value", which is embodied in the production of the natural value of man and its use value, can only function as it does, that is, it can only change the form of matter in accordance with nature. As we all know, the cycle creation of nature itself is based on the mutual transformation of matter and energy between natural objects to achieve self-regulation, cyclic reproduction, and symbiotic evolution as the basic characteristics and orientation. In the process of nature's own circular creation, there is no transitional need for natural objects, and there is no waste and pollution. The value expressed by man through natural value and use value follows the universal ecological law of natural ecosystem and material transformation, just like the production of nature; In fact, generally we say that the value of people usually refers to the simultaneous possession of these three values, and only at the same time with these three values is a valuable resource, if only one or two of these values are present, the overall value is reduced, such as the teacher who teaches a certain skill, he only has its natural value and functional value for the skill, and does not have its use value (not for the whole); So when you hire an excavator, you don't go to a technical school to give money to the teacher; So is this teacher's skill valuable, according to his Western economic utility theory, standing on the podium and "talking with his mouth" what his "effectiveness" is, and how to judge this effectiveness? It can be seen that it is okay to analyze the market with utility theory, and it is a bit too far-fetched to judge the value of a thing. We can further extend from this, it may be clearer, for example, there are two players, set to a certain time after the automatic playback, one plays noise, the other is Einstein's theory of relativity, for the average person its utility should be the same, it sounds like a "noise", so their value, is it the same, let's take a look, its natural value is the same, its functional value is also the same, its use value? Do you think that the value of broadcasting Einstein's theory of relativity is the same as playing noise, no one should think like this, so the value of a player playing Einstein's theory of relativity is greater than that of playing noise, but it is far less than the value of its theory of relativity being applied; You can guess that for the average person, there may be a very talented person who understands Einstein's theory of relativity, but maybe no one will ever understand it, can the utility theory accept this possibility? So it is not suitable to explain the value of things; Through this experiment, we can also take a look at the teacher, although he does not have use value in terms of the corresponding skills, but in terms of a person's overall value, he has use value, which is also what we need to pay attention to;

For this example, we also need to note that the difference between the two players lies in the content they play rather than in themselves, that is to say, the use value of the player plus Einstein's theory of relativity is greater than that of the player plus the noise play, do not think that the use value of the two players is different, this is to be emphasized; The exception is that the value of playing Einstein's theory of relativity is greater than that of the murmur because Einstein's theory of relativity has functional value in addition to its natural value, while the murmur only has its natural value, so its value is less than that of the former; Some people may say that there is no natural value of noise and what is the meaning, we must know that the natural value of noise also has a certain significance, this is left for everyone to think about, in reality have we used noise?

Section 4: Stimulation of product functional value and use value

Products, that is, things that are made to have functional attributes through human labor are called products; In a certain sense, people are also their own products, and we make them according to their different functional attributes through schools, of course, they can also be through other ways, or even themselves, but there is no difference in essence, but what we are going to study next is other products other than the special "product" of people;

Starting from the definition of value, we can divide the value of the product into three parts: natural value, functional value, and use value; Its natural value is well understood, i.e. the natural substances that make up the product; Its functional value and its use value will be analyzed and explained below;

The functional value of the product, that is, the functional attributes of the product, is condensed by human labor, and the process of making things in nature have a certain function through the transformation of human value, that is, the process of generating functional value; For example, the process of making a table made of wood is the process of generating its functional value; So how to accurately identify and judge its functional value in reality, remember that we said in the second section of this chapter on natural attributes and social attributes, that functional value is composed of the transformation of its own natural value plus the accumulation of its use value; Therefore, the confirmation of functional value should be determined through the conversion of natural value and the accumulation of use value. How to understand the transformation of natural value, for example, the transformation of trees into tables, the transformation of natural values in the functional value of the table is the process of converting the natural value of trees into tables, which roughly goes through the following steps: trees - > lumberjacks - > wood - > making workers - > tables; The stage of this process from trees to timber requires the corresponding functional value of lumberjacks; In the stage of turning wood into tables, it is also necessary to produce the corresponding functional value of workers; Therefore, in the process of its natural value transformation, it involves the functional value of lumberjacks and the functional value of production workers; The overall value of the table must also include this transformation, that is, its own natural value transformation; The accumulation of its use value should first start with the analysis of its use value, as a natural substance, trees have their natural value, and after they can be turned into wood, they have use value, that is, the use value of trees; The use value of the wood itself and the use value of the table itself after the wood is made into a table, so in this process, that is, in the process of trees to the table, the use value of trees, the use value of wood and the use value of the table, it should be particularly emphasized here that the use value and functional value of people are included in the remuneration of different stages of the table, which can be regarded as a whole and expressed by its functional value, which we will talk about in detail below, so when analyzing the accumulation of the use value of the functional value of the table, It is only necessary to consider the accumulation of the use value of its trees and the use value of wood, and the use value of its table is only included in its total value, of course, it is impossible to accumulate into its own functional value, which is very obvious in its definition and actual situation, and we do not need to explain it too much, so, The functional value of the final table is composed of the process of its natural value transformation (i.e., the functional value of the lumberjack and the functional value of the production worker) and the accumulation of the use value (i.e., the use value of the tree and the use value of the wood). It should be emphasized here in advance that the wages received by workers are not their overall value (no factory buys a certain person), nor is it their individual functional value or their individual use value, but the quantification of their functional value and use value in a certain space and time, that is to say, the wages received by workers are greater than their functional value itself, which is the sum of their functional value and use value in their unit; This is actually very easy to understand, if the value obtained after the labor is its own functional value, and there is no surplus, no one will be willing to work and there is no reason to work, and this function has no meaning to exist; We can make an abstract analogy, for example, the value that a person needs to pay to learn a skill is 100, and the total value of the return generated through its use is still 100 (we are talking about the value of the return rather than the value of the output), then it is estimated that no one will accept it; Therefore, for the individual, of course, it is to improve its use value, but for the whole society, in fact, for the whole society, it is necessary to strive to reduce its use value, which we will give specific reasons and explanations in the allocation of resources in Chapter 4;

How is the use value of the product stimulated, if every object that exists in nature will naturally integrate into its trajectory, from its appearance to the natural value, the world around it will provide it with use value, all of which have a perfect system, that is, the natural system; The existence of human beings, especially the current level of human development, can be said to be separated from the natural own system, so the things and their corresponding functions produced in the human system must be provided by the human system to meet the conditions that are satisfied, that is, its use value, and the value of things can be fully reflected, which is the same as the stimulating essence of the human use value we talked about in the previous section, after the production of a product is completed, it only has the corresponding natural value and functional value, and its surrounding environment (human environment) provides its necessary use value, its overall value can be fully presented; The difference between the stimulation of human functional value and use value and the stimulation of functional value and use value of products is as follows:

Stimulation of human functional value and use value:

human natural value - > functional value - > use value;

The value of human nature - > through the outside world - > functional value - > use value;

The value of human nature - > functional value - > through the outside world - > use value;

The value of human nature > through the outside world - > functional value - > through the outside world - > use value;

Stimulation of functional value and use value of products:

The natural value of the product > through the outside world - > functional value - > through the outside world - > use value;

(If you have time to make a chart, it will be more intuitive, you can try it)

Chapter 3 "Relations of Production" in the Economics of Value Systems

The relations of production are determined according to the overall level of society and are an objective reflection of the state of social development;

Different social stages have their own different production relations, and different production relations produce their own price mechanisms; Price is a quantification of value; The price of the same thing may be different if its value remains the same; Therefore, the price sometimes does not reflect its value, such as the relationship between the value represented by the stock and its price in the market mechanism, this phenomenon in the society we live in is universal, but it is not as obvious as it, we seem to use the same tone when talking about monopoly, here we take the society we live in as a sample, and conduct an in-depth analysis of its production, production relations and other issues, according to which we can also have a better understanding of the social stage in which we live;

Section 1: The relationship between people

In today's society, in the form of market economy, people can be divided into two categories in the process of production, that is, industrial owners and industrial personnel, and the understanding of the relationship between capitalists and workers can refer to the relationship between capitalists and workers, but due to the difference in the understanding of the social positioning and social function in which they are located, the interpretation of them is also different; Let's define each of them as follows:

The owner of the industry, who has his own means of production and conditions of production, or who has the conditions to complete social production independently;

Industrial personnel do not have independent production tools and production conditions, nor can they carry out independent social production;

It can be seen from the definition that the scope of their definition is different, so their social responsibilities are not the same, the social responsibility of the owner is active, and he can directly participate in the division of labor in the market, we can call it active participation in the market; Industrial personnel are passive participants in the division of labor and cannot directly participate in the market, so we call them passive participation in the market; Based on the analysis of the relationship between them, we can say that the industrial owner completes his own use value through the domination of his own or others' natural value and functional value, while the industrial personnel passively dominate the natural value and functional value and finally realizes their own use value. That is, the owner of the industry dominates the natural value and functional value of the industrial personnel, so that it has its own use value; Let's give a specific example: for example, water has its natural value and use value, we first presuppose that the overall price of each ton of water in the market through the market mechanism is 10 yuan/ton, of which the natural value is priced at 2 yuan in the market, and the use value is 8 yuan (it should be noted here that because we are kind and do not market the natural substances such as water and air in nature, we cannot accurately know the quantitative price of its natural value in the market, It can only be estimated by their final overall market price, and the relationship between them is discussed in detail in Chapter 4 on the allocation of resources; ）

Now we make it into ice, the price of its ice becomes 100 yuan/ton, in the process of making ice, there is only the labor of ice-making workers, and there are no other tools, the wages of ice-making workers are 50 yuan/day, so in the total price of this 90 yuan, how many are the owners of the industry, how many are the industrial personnel; We can analyze the production process of ice, the price of ice is determined by its natural value, functional value, and use value, the natural value of ice is the natural value of water, and its average market price is 2 yuan/ton; The functional value of ice is the conversion of available water into ice, that is, the functional value of ice-making workers and the accumulation of its use value and water use value; The average market price is 50 yuan/day, and the use value of water is 8 yuan/ton, so the market price increases by 58 yuan per ton after it has functional value; That is, after the ice workers make the ice, it has natural value and functional value, with a total value of 60 yuan/ton; The use value of ice only has a use value when the owner of the ice factory sells it to the customer, and its price is equal to: the price of the total value - the price of the natural value - the price of the functional value, that is, 100 yuan - 2 yuan - 58 yuan = 40 yuan; Therefore, in the value of 100 yuan/ton of ice, the proportion of water is the natural value of ice and part of the functional value, that is, 10 yuan/ton, the ice-making worker has a part of its functional value, that is, 50 yuan/ton, and the ice rink owner has its use value of 40 yuan/ton; Therefore, 50 yuan of the 90 yuan of the total price increase belongs to the ice maker, and 40 yuan belongs to the ice rink owner; We can also directly draw the same conclusion through the value analysis of ice workers and ice rink owners, the value of ice workers is composed of: natural value, functional value and use value, three aspects; Its natural value is the natural value of human beings, and we can basically regard it as unchanged before and after its ice-making; (In fact, there are changes, but they are basically not considered in the market mechanism, which is also one of its drawbacks; Of course, in the process of its development, some other means have been used to make up for it, but it cannot solve its fundamental problems); The functional value and use value are the ice-making technology and the practical application of the technology, and its value is priced at 50 yuan/day through the market mechanism in the market, that is, the wages obtained in the ice-making process; In the same way, the value of the ice factory owner is also composed of: natural value, functional value and use value, which are three aspects; Its natural value is the same as that of ice workers as human beings, and its functional value and use value, that is, the ability to participate in market distribution and the process of its organizational realization; It is measured by the market price, which is the remaining use value of its products, that is, 40 yuan/day;

Here we need to think about whether the market's pricing of each thing can well reflect the true value of things, that is, whether the price generated by the value of things through market mapping is reasonable, and whether there are better choices with the development of human beings, which is what we will talk about in Chapter 4;

Here we can first briefly analyze, we have talked about the natural system before, I said that human beings have surpassed the natural system in a certain sense, created their own system, then we think about how this system works, if we get out of a "low-level model" into a "market model", this is actually a kind of progress, but have you ever thought about how this "model" runs to complete, what is the core strength of this "model", through our previous analysis, From an economic point of view, we can see that the core is the "recognition of value", that is to say, the "market model" can create a way of resource allocation, and get recognition, the key is whether this distribution method can maintain its advanced nature, in other words, whether this way can ensure that the value of its things is reflected most effectively, if this can not be done, the operating cost of the entire system will be difficult to grasp, and various crises, stagnation and even partial collapse of the system will not stop. The root cause of this problem will appear at a certain point in time, we will talk about it in detail in the allocation of resources in Chapter 4, and it is mentioned here because we can see the clues through the above description of the production relationship between people, and friends who are willing to think independently can try to sketch the answer to this question, and we will do a verification together in Chapter 4;

Section 2: The relationship between people and things

The relationship between people and things is the relationship between the two systems, that is, the relationship between the system built by man and the natural system, there is cause and effect between them, that is to say, there is a sequence in its logic, the natural system is the basis for our own human construction system, which can also be demonstrated from the analysis of the attributes of value, what we want to do here is to demonstrate the relationship between it and its system from the origin of value, we all know that value is composed of three parts: natural value, functional value and use value; Functional value can be calculated from the accumulation of the conversion of natural value and its corresponding use value, so according to this split, it can finally be expressed as, natural value + ...... Natural value and use value +...... The accumulation of use value, that is to say, can be expressed in two parts: its natural value and use value, but these natural values are divided into two parts, one is its own natural value, and the other part is the natural value of other things contained in the process, that is, the natural value extended from the functional value; Similarly, the use value is also divided into two parts, one part is its own use value, and the other part is the use value of other things it contains; So, in the end, I can accurately describe its weights in natural systems versus human systems; Here we are talking about weight, which refers to the ability of a thing to maintain the state of the system in which it is located; When the state of the system changes, the weight of the thing will also change accordingly, so its weight is also a variable value; However, since both the natural system and the system built by us humans are relatively stable, the weight of its things in a short period of time can be regarded as a constant; This involves the calculation of a weight, the value of the natural value of a thing depends on the weight in the natural system in which it is located; The use value of things and their weights lie in the size of their weights in the human system where the things are located, here we have to admit that this is a huge amount of work, and it also involves the level of development of science and technology, which can not be completed in this book, but we must know that the most important meaning of science is not the confirmation of known things but the guidance of unknown things; The definition of what is true is not measured by what can be done at the moment; And the completion of this work will not be as far away as some people think, especially in today's rapid development of our computer Internet-related technology, its goal has become more clear and measurable, we can imagine whether we can now create an artificial "natural system", which may still be science fiction in the 5 or 60s, but today it is already achievable, at least theoretically achievable, if we want this "natural system" It is foreseeable whether it is necessary to calculate the weight of the whole system for each of its things if it can continue to operate without external force; Therefore, when human beings are able to create their own "natural systems", the weights of their various things must have been accurately calculated, and I think this day will not be too far away; There is no difference in the calculation of the weights of different things in different systems, and their specific calculation algorithms may be different, which is determined according to the specific situation; It should be noted that although there is an optimal between different systems, it does not mean that this is a rigid, unchanging, and non-optional curing standard, this can be subjectively selected, for example, when we drive, in different road conditions and different gears, there will be an optimal speed with the lowest fuel consumption, but its speed can be controlled by ourselves, it just tells us an optimal state; The existence of the same optimal state in the same system compared to different systems makes it more meaningful to determine the optimal value; Rather than denying it under the pretext of freedom;

Another point we would like to make is that weights are not the same as "utility", and we are currently talking about "utility theory", "demand", ...... It is all based on people, with people as the main body, and the weight we are talking about is based on the system, that is, the judgment of human value should be based on the natural system and the human system, through the three aspects of natural value, functional value and use value;

Section 3 Attributes of the Product

The product is determined by its own attributes and the three attributes of time and space; That is, a product can be seen as two different products at different times or spaces; The self-attributes of the product are the original attributes that it has at the end of production, and the time attributes of the product are the self-attributes of the product that will change with time; The spatial attributes of the product are the properties of the product itself, which will change with the change of space; This change can be directly reflected through the mechanisms of the stage of development in which we live; For example, the "market mechanism" of our current society;

Let's give you a specific example, for example, a car, after its production line is assembled and used by its sales customers, and after many years of use and scrapping, in our subjective view, it has always belonged to the same product; However, from the perspective of value, the value is different at different stages, and it must be calculated from scratch, so from the perspective of value, it can be regarded as different products; Generally speaking, the change in value is continuous and slow, so we can divide it into obvious parts for analysis; For example, you just bought a brand new car, you drove it home and you didn't use it, put it in the garage, and ten years later you suddenly thought of it, then from the perspective of value, it is completely different from the value ten years ago, and its value needs to be recalculated; Prices reassessed by "market mechanisms" can also change, but it is unknowable whether this change in price is far removed from the change in its value itself; For example, if you buy a new car, two days later into the old car acquisition market, then its entire use cycle can be ignored time attributes, mainly the change of space attributes, we treat it as a new product to re-evaluate its value, we will find that this change is not much change in its overall value, that is to say, its value itself has not changed much, but when we come to the "market mechanism" to re-evaluate its price, you will find that its price will change greatly; This also shows once again that there is a big gap between the price reflected by the "market mechanism" in the development stage of our society and the value of the thing itself, although the "market mechanism" has its important significance in a certain historical period, but it will eventually be replaced by a more advanced mechanism, which is an inevitable law;

Section 4: The three main links of the product

In the previous section we mentioned the properties of the product, here we analyze in detail the specific changes in its properties through its main processes in the market mechanism; In its market mechanism, the product mainly goes through three links: production, > transportation, > and sales, and in this process, it realizes the transformation from only having natural value to having functional value and finally having use value; Let me describe the process in detail:

In the production stage, that is, the processing of the natural value of things, this stage is what we call "production", in the process, the owner realizes the domination of the functional value of the industrial personnel, and finally makes it produce the use value, and the industrial personnel make it have the functional value and finally become the product through the domination of its natural value and other things;

The transportation stage, that is, the process of realizing the natural value and functional value of the product, during which the industrial owner controls the functional value of the industrial personnel, and finally makes it produce use value, and the industrial personnel change the spatial attributes of the product through the domination of other things, and finally changes the product;

In the sales stage, that is, the final realization of the natural value and functional value of the product, the owner realizes the control of the functional value of the industrial personnel and finally makes it produce the use value, and the industrial personnel distribute the product to the customer through the control of other things, so that it has the use value;

The relationship can be expressed as:

The natural value of things - > stage of production - > has functional properties - > product;

Products with natural value and functional value - > transportation - > sales - > make them have use value;

In the process mentioned above, everyone thinks about whether the value of the product has changed during the transportation stage; If it doesn't change, then it doesn't mean that the transportation stage has become meaningless for the product, and if there is a change, then what has changed, which requires us to conduct a simple analysis;

We must first return to the definition of value, that is, the value of things is composed of: natural value, functional value, and use value; So let's take a look at whether the natural value and functional value of the product have changed in the process of transportation, and we can see through analysis that its natural value and functional value have not changed, so what about the use value? Has there been a change? We have said that the meaning of use value is to stimulate its functional value or natural value, and provide it with the conditions for its possible realization; If the transportation distance of a product is different, the final use value is different, so we can see that the added value in transportation is ultimately included in the use value of the product;

According to the definition of use value, we can know that its value is generated when the functional value or natural value is realized, so if a product does not realize its use value in the end, does the added value in its transportation disappear, we can take a look at it, if a commodity is transported to the designated place after its production and only half of it can be transported to the designated place, the use value of the product is obviously different in these two cases, In the latter case, the added value of the other half of the product is due to the other half of the product, so the added value of each product during the transportation stage will eventually be reflected in the use value of the remaining product;

Here, we can also recall that in the second section of the previous chapter, when we talked about natural attributes and social attributes, we mentioned the accumulation of functional values, which is essentially the transformation of natural values and the accumulation of use values; The situation we mentioned above is actually a kind of accumulation of use value, which is similar to the accumulation of use value in functional value, but because it belongs to different stages and is essentially different, we can call it as: the disguised accumulation of use value, that is, after the end of production, the added value of the product in the process of generating use value is finally accumulated into its use value, which we call the disguised accumulation of use value; When analyzing the use value of a thing, we can make such a detailed division, but when describing the value of a thing, there is no need to make such a cumbersome division, just summarize it as the use value of the thing;