Pang Xuelin smiled slightly and said, "Inert neutrinos! ”

Shen Yuan was stunned for a moment, and said thoughtfully: "You mean, use inert neutrinos to make four-quark and five-quark materials?" ”

Pang Xuelin shook his head and said, "Teacher, you should know about the CP destruction of neutrinos, right?" ”

Shen Yuan nodded.

Pang Xuelin said: "For a long time, CP destruction phase angle δCP has been one of the key parameters in neutrino oscillation research, and with the discovery of inert neutrinos, we have been able to accurately measure the CP destruction phase angle in neutrino oscillation. But you know, we also found CP disruption in experiments with K and B mesons. In particle physics, the K meson is any of the four mesons with the quantum number singularity. In the quark model, we know that they contain an odd quark and an antiquark of an upper or lower quark, and the K meson, which is a combination of two quarks, can be combined with a three-quark baryon to form a five-quark particle. Since there is an effect of positive and negative quarks canceling each other out in the five quarks, the existence of such particles does not violate the rules of the Standard Model! ”

Shen Yuan's eyes widened, and it took a long while before he spoke: "What you mean is that the combination of K mesons and baryons to create pentaquark particles, and the accurate measurement of the phase angle of neutrino CP destruction will provide a basis for us to measure the phase angle of K meson CP destruction." ”

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "More than that, the emergence of inert neutrinos means that our research on dark matter has entered a new stage. Inert neutrinos flood the space around us and play a very important role in the formation of cosmic galaxies and material structures. But under normal circumstances, this kind of action exists, which can easily lead to the decay of some free particles. But if we have a way to shield neutrinos, then we have a good chance of creating pentaquark particles in the laboratory, and then synthesize new strongly interacting materials based on this! ”

Shen Yuan frowned and said, "Ah Lin, according to what you said, this should be a new physical theory that surpasses the Standard Model, right?" ”

Pang Xuelin smiled and nodded: "To be precise, this new theory is a new physics edifice built on the foundation of the Standard Model theory. ”

Shen Yuan looked at Pang Xuelin quietly, his own disciple was much more ambitious than he imagined.

He is well aware of how difficult it is to come up with a new framework of physics based on the Standard Model.

When it comes to the Standard Model, we have to start with the four fundamental forces.

There are four basic forces in nature, which are: strong interaction force, weak interaction force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force.

The main differences are simply two points, one is the different objects of action, and the other is the different way of transmission.

The gravitational force acts on a particle with mass, note that this mass is not static mass, but dynamic mass, which is M in E=Mc^2, which is equivalent to energy. That is to say, gravity can act on all substances with energy, and all matter in our universe has energy, so gravity acts on all matter.

The electromagnetic force acts on all charged particles, including electrons, quarks, and their composite particles, as well as W particles that transmit weak forces.

Dark matter does not emit light because it has no electric charge and does not participate in electromagnetic force.

The force acts on all colored particles, including quarks and gluons. Quarks make up protons and neutrons by strong force, and the remaining strong force makes protons and neutrons form the nucleus. Although the gluon is a transmitter of force, it can also form a gluon ball by condensing together through strong force.

The weak force acts on all particles that have weak isospins, causing the particles to decay.

Interestingly, the weak force is the only one that is not conserved, only the left-handed electrons (right-handed positrons), the left-handed neutrinos (right-handed antineutrinos, if the neutrinos are not Majorana particles), and the left-handed quarks (right-handed antiquarks).

This is the difference between the four basic forces and the different objects of action, and the other difference is the difference in the way of transmission.

Gravity is transmitted through gravitons, and although the theory of quantum gravity has not been experimentally confirmed, according to this theory, gravitons, like photons, have no static mass, so they can act to infinity and decay according to the inverse square law.

The strong interaction force is the force acting between hadrons, which is the strongest of the four known fundamental forces, and its range is in the range of 10^-15m. The strong interaction overcomes the strong repulsive force generated by the electromagnetic force and binds the protons and neutrons tightly into the nucleus.

The weak force propagates through the W and Z bosons, acting at the proton scale with an intensity of one trillionth of the electromagnetic force. The weak force conforms to SU(2) symmetry. Both W and Z bosons are vector fields with spin of 1.

The weak force and the electromagnetic force are unified at higher energies and are collectively called "electroweak interactions". At lower energies, because of the higgs mechanism, the W and Z bosons gain static mass, and the weak and electromagnetic forces separate.

The Standard Model of particle physics is proposed to essentially explain these four fundamental forces.

In the Standard Model, there are 13 kinds of gauge particles, namely 8 kinds of gluons that transmit strong interactions, intermediate bosons, which are divided into W+, W-, and Z0, 1 kind of photons, which are used to transmit electromagnetism, and Higgs particles, which are decomposed into electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions in the energy range of less than 250 Gev in order to realize electroweak interactions.

There are three kinds of quarks, which can be divided into upper quarks and lower quarks according to different tastes; Quark, Singular Quark; The bottom quark, the top quark, according to different colors, can be divided into red, green, blue three colors, quarks have six flavors, each flavor three colors, plus their corresponding antiparticles, a total of 36 different states of quarks.

Together with the leptons, electrons, e-μ, τons, and their respective neutrinos and their antiparticles, there are twelve species in total.

These are the 61 elementary particles shown in the Standard Particle Model.

To date, almost all the results of experiments on the above three forces have been consistent with the predictions of this theory. The existence of the 61 particle species predicted by the Standard Model, W bosons, Z bosons, gluons, top quarks, and phantom quarks, was predicted by the Standard Model and its properties were very accurate.

However, despite its predictive power, the Standard Model failed to answer five key questions.

The first question is, why do neutrinos have mass?

The three particles in the Standard Model are different types of neutrinos. The Standard Model predicts that, just like photons, neutrinos should have no mass.

However, scientists have discovered that these three neutrinos oscillate or convert to each other as they move. The only reason this feat is possible is that neutrinos have static mass.

However, this question can already be answered after the discovery of inert neutrinos.

The second question is, what is dark matter?

Astronomers observed the rotation of galaxies and found that galaxies were spinning much faster than they could theoretically have been, but according to the gravitational pull of visible matter, these galaxies were spinning so fast that they should have torn themselves apart.

Then the only explanation is that there is something that we can't see, giving these galaxies extra mass, thus creating gravity.

This is dark matter, which is thought to make up 27% of the matter in the universe, but it is not included in the Standard Model.

The latest inert neutrino theory proposed by Pang Xuelin will be a strong candidate for dark matter!

The third question is, why is there so much matter in the universe?

When a particle of matter is formed—for example, in a particle collision at the Large Hadron Collider, or in the decay of another particle—its antimatter counterpart is often accompanied. When equal amounts of matter and antimatter particles meet, they annihilate each other.

Scientists believe that when the universe was formed in the Big Bang, matter and antimatter should have been produced in equal amounts. However, there is a mechanism that prevents matter and antimatter from being completely destroyed in their usual way, and the universe around us is dominated by matter.

The Standard Model cannot explain this imbalance. Many different experiments are studying matter and antimatter in search of clues to change the scale.

Fourth, why is the expansion of the universe accelerating?

Before scientists were able to measure the expansion of the universe, they speculated that the universe began to expand quickly after the Big Bang and then began to slow down over time. Shockingly, however, actual observations show that the expansion of the universe is not slowing down, but is accelerating.

The latest measurements by astronomers show that galaxies in the universe are moving away from us at a rate of 45 miles per second. With every millionth of a second added relative to our position, the speed doubles at a distance of 3.2 million light-years.

This rate is thought to come from an unexplained space-time property – dark energy, which is pushing the universe away. It is believed to account for 68% of the energy of the universe.

Dark energy is also free from the Standard Model.

Finally, are there particles related to gravity?

The Standard Model is not used to account for gravity. This fourth and weakest force of nature does not seem to have any effect on the subatomic interactions explained by the Standard Model.

But theoretical physicists believe that subatomic particle gravitons may transmit gravitational force in the way that photons carry electromagnetic forces.

If Pang Xuelin can propose a new framework of physics on the basis of the Standard Model, it is not only expected to solve these five problems, but its historical significance in physics will be no less than that of Newton and Einstein, two god-level figures!

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