In 1974, Stephen. Stephen Hawking discovered the evaporation of black holes, thus changing the classic image of black holes: black holes are no longer completely "black", nor are they simply "holes", they can either increase their mass by accreting matter, or they can reduce their mass by emitting matter outward.

In quantum mechanics, vacuum does not mean that there are no fields, particles, or energy. A quantum vacuum is a state with the lowest energy, it is just called a "vacuum", and in fact there is no such thing as a state with zero energy.

Hawking's calculations show that the evaporative radiation of a black hole has all the characteristics of a black body. It gives the black hole a real, identical temperature across the entire event horizon, directly determined by the strength of the gravitational field at the event horizon.

For Schwarzschild black holes, temperature is inversely proportional to mass. A black hole with the same mass as the Sun has a temperature of minus seven degrees Kelvin (i.e., above absolute zero) ten. Not zero, but pitiful for the small; Black holes are not completely black, but they are not bright at all. Unfortunately, the radiation at such low temperatures is too weak to be detected in a laboratory.

Hawking's calculations also made an important discovery: the smaller the mass of the black hole, the hotter it is, and the stronger the radiation. Obviously, evaporation has a special effect only on miniature black holes, which are very hot. In a black hole, the more massive the black hole, the lower the temperature and the slower it evaporates; The smaller the mass of a black hole, the hotter it is, and the faster it evaporates.

Hawking's black hole theory overturns itself

Stephen Hawking pointed out that black holes "do not exist" because they cannot find their boundaries, and the boundaries of black holes are also called "event horizons". The classical black hole theory holds that matter and radiation outside the black hole can enter the interior of the black hole through the event horizon, and that no matter or radiation inside the black hole can pass through the event horizon.

Stephen Hawking's latest "gray hole" theory suggests that matter and energy are re-released into the universe after being trapped in a black hole for a period of time. In his paper, he admits that his initial understanding of the horizon was flawed, and that light can actually pass through the horizon. As light escapes the core of a black hole, its motion is like a person running on a treadmill, slowly contracting by radiating outward.

Black holes never shut themselves down completely, Hawking said, and they gradually radiate more and more heat to the outside world over a long period of time, after which the black hole will eventually open itself and release the material information it contains.

In a paper published in Nature on January 24, he acknowledged that black holes do not exist, but that "gray holes" do. Hawking's "gray hole" theory is a simulation setting in the "anti-Desit space-time" in order to solve the problem of the "firewall paradox", not that black holes really do not exist, but only to resolve the contradiction between general relativity and quantum physics in black holes.

The evolution of black holes: accretion-evaporation-destruction

Accretion: Black holes are usually discovered because they collect the surrounding gas to produce radiation, a process known as accretion. The efficiency of radiant heat energy from high-temperature gases can seriously affect the geometrical and kinetic properties of accretion flows. Thin black holes with high radiation efficiency have been observed stretching, tearing apart and devouring stars

disks as well as thick disks with lower radiation efficiency. As accretion gases approach the central black hole, the radiation they produce is extremely sensitive to the black hole's rotation and the presence of the event horizon. Analysis of accretion black hole luminosity and spectra provides strong evidence for the existence of rotating black holes and event horizons. Numerical simulations have also shown that accretive black holes often have relativistic jets, which are also partly driven by the rotation of the black holes.

Astrophysicists use the word "accretion" to describe the flow of matter to a central gravitational body, or a centrally extended system of matter.

Evaporation: Since the density of the black hole is extremely high, according to the formula we can know the density = mass/volume, for the black hole ejecta to keep getting brighter

Let the density of the black hole be infinite, then it means that the volume of the black hole must be infinitely small, and then the mass must be infinite, so that it can become a black hole. A black hole is a death star formed by the "extinction" of some stars, which is massive and small.

But the black hole also has the day of extinction, because the black hole is infinitely attracted, but there will always be protons to escape the shackles of the black hole, so that over time, the black hole will slowly evaporate, and finally become a white dwarf, or just explode, and the shock wave generated by its explosion is enough to destroy the earth more than 10^18 trillion times. Scientists often use astronomical telescopes to watch images of black holes exploding. The dust formed by its explosion is necessary for the formation of stars.

Destruction: Black holes emit dazzling light, shrink in size, and even explode. When British physicist Stephen Hawking made this prediction in 1974, the entire scientific community was shaken.

Hawking's theory is a leap of thought governed by inspiration, and he combines general relativity and quantum theory. He discovered that the gravitational field around the black hole releases energy while consuming both the energy and mass of the black hole.

As the mass of the black hole gets smaller and smaller, its temperature gets higher and higher. Thus, when a black hole loses mass, its temperature and emissivity increase, and therefore its mass loss is faster. This "Hawking radiation" is negligible for most black holes, as large black holes radiate more slowly, while small black holes radiate energy at extremely high rates until the black hole explodes.

Black holes are created by the gravitational collapse of a massive enough star after it runs out of fuel for a nuclear fusion reaction and dies.

When a star ages, its thermonuclear reaction has depleted the center of fuel, and the energy generated by the center is running out.

In this way, it no longer has enough strength to carry the enormous weight of the shell. So under the weight of the shell, the core begins to collapse, and matter will march inexorably towards the central point, until finally a star with a near-infinitesimal volume and almost infinite density will be formed.

And when its radius shrinks to a certain point (it must be smaller than the Schwarzschild radius), the mass-induced distortion of space-time makes it impossible for even light to shoot outward – and the "black hole" is born.

A black hole is a singularity with infinite density, infinite curvature of space-time, infinitely small volume, and infinite heat in the center, and a part of the surrounding empty celestial region, which is not visible within the scope of this celestial region. According to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, when a dying star collapses, it will gather into a point where it will become a black hole, swallowing all light and any matter in the adjacent cosmic region.

The creation of a black hole is similar to that of a neutron star: when a star is preparing to perish, its core rapidly shrinks, collapses, and explodes under the force of its own gravity. When all the matter in the core turns into neutrons, the contraction process immediately stops, and it is compressed into a dense star, which also compresses the space and time inside.

But in the case of black holes, the mass of the star's core is so large that the contraction process goes on endlessly, and even the repulsion between neutrons cannot be stopped. The neutrons themselves are crushed into powder by the attraction of the squeezing gravity itself, leaving behind a material that is unimaginably dense. The gravitational pull due to the high quality is such that any object that comes close to it will be sucked into it.

It can also be simply understood as: usually stars initially contain only hydrogen, and the hydrogen nuclei inside the star collide with each other all the time and fuse. Due to the massive mass of stars, the energy produced by fusion competes with the gravitational pull of the stars to maintain the stability of the star structure. As a result of the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, a new element, helium, is produced, and then the helium atoms are also involved in fusion, changing their structure to form lithium.

By analogy, according to the order of the periodic table, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, etc., will be formed in turn, until iron is formed, and the star will collapse.

This is due to the fact that iron is quite stable, and the energy released when participating in fusion is less than the required energy, so the fusion stops, and iron exists inside the star, causing the star to not have enough energy to compete with the gravitational pull of the massive star, which causes the star to collapse and eventually form a black hole.

It is called "black" because it generates a gravitational pull that makes it impossible for the light around it to escape. Like neutron stars, black holes evolve from stars that are tens or even hundreds of times more massive than the Sun.

Normally, stars initially contain only hydrogen 2113, and the hydrogen nuclei inside the star collide with each other and fuse.

The energy produced by fusion competes with the gravitational pull of stars to maintain the stability of the star's structure.

As the fusion of hydrogen nuclei produces a new element, helium, helium atoms also participate in fusion, changing their structure to form lithium.

By analogy 5261, according to the order of the periodic table, beryllium elements, boron elements, carbon elements, nitrogen elements, etc. will be formed in turn, until iron is formed, and the star will collapse.

Iron is present inside the star, causing the star to not have enough energy to compete with the gravitational pull of the massive 4102 star, which causes the star to collapse and eventually form a black hole.

In the vast universe, there are many, many puzzling "things", such as how the sun is formed? How are black holes formed? Wait, wait, the universe is beyond our imagination, I still remember in a movie (Men in Black), I don't know if you have seen the easter egg at the end of the movie?

In the epilogue, an exaggerated image appears, with a "monster" packing the earth into a cloth bag. It turns out that we have lived on the earth all our lives, and such a behemoth is actually just an inconspicuous "toy"?

Astrophysicists have found evidence for the direct formation of black holes that do not need to emerge from the remnants of stars. Black holes in the early universe formed in this way could provide scientists with the reason for the formation of extremely massive black holes in the early stages of cosmic history!

Astrophysicists at Western University have found evidence of the direct formation of black holes, according to information reports on the Internet: black holes did not form from the remnants of stars.

The Western Department of Physics and Astronomy has carried out detailed exploration and research on the distribution of the observed mass and luminosity of supermassive black holes, and even scientists have made a dynamic simulation on the computer.

The simulation is based on a very simple assumption: supermassive black holes form very quickly in a very, very short period of time and then stop abruptly. This explanation is in stark contrast to the current understanding of how a stellar-mass black hole is formed, which occurs when a very massive star collapses at its center.

"This is indirect observational evidence that black holes originate from direct collapse and not from stellar debris by the Western astronomer professor," the professor declared.

Over the past decade, many supermassive black holes with a mass a billion times larger than the Sun have been discovered while moving at high speeds, meaning they existed in our universe for 800 million years after the Big Bang. The existence of these young and very large black holes calls into question our understanding of the formation and growth of black holes. This new result proves that this kind of black hole that collapsed directly did indeed arise in the early universe.

The author's message, about time, space, black holes, this formation of the information, the author himself refers to a lot of managed information, and I look at the more reliable information, I actually want you to take a look at it as a reference!

So my real purpose will be slowly revealed in the next month, and these chapters are limited to reference, and will be revised back later, and these chapters are like a spoiler! You can guess what I'm thinking and how to arrange it for the protagonist!

Hint, the protagonist does not cross