Ductility

Malleability is one of the physical properties of matter, which refers to the degree to which it can be tempered and calendered. Easy-to-forge materials do not need to be annealed, can be tempered and calendered. Malleable material, it needs to be annealed for tempering and calendering. Brittle substances are less calendered after tempering. The property that an object can be extended into a filament without breaking under the action of an external force is called ductility, and the property that can be rolled into a thin sheet without breaking under the action of an external force (hammering or rolling) is called malleability.

Chinese name malleability

Describe one of the physical properties

Explain the degree to which it can be tempered and calendered

Categorical ductility and ductility

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Malleability in physics

The property that an object can extend into filaments without breaking under the action of external force is called ductility; The property that can be rolled into thin sheets without cracking under the action of external force (hammering or rolling) is called malleability. For example, the ductility of metals is good, among which gold, platinum, copper, silver, tungsten and aluminum are all malleable. Non-metallic materials such as quartz and glass also have a certain degree of ductility at high temperatures.

Malleability is a property of metal minerals, and one of the characteristics of metal minerals under the action of external force is plastic deformation, which means that ions can move and rearrange and lose their adhesion, which is the fundamental reason for the malleability of metal bond minerals. Depending on the degree of metallic bonding, there is also a difference in ductility.

ductility

The deformation capacity of a structure, member or section of a member during the period when the maximum load-bearing capacity is reached from the beginning of yield or after it has been reached without a significant decrease in load-bearing capacity. For structures with good ductility, the later deformation capacity of a member or a certain section of a member is large, and it can still absorb a certain amount of energy after reaching the state of yield or maximum bearing capacity, which can avoid the occurrence of brittle failure.

Ductility is a physical property. It refers to the ability of a material to deform plastically before it is subjected to force and breaks, which is related to the ductility of the material. For example, gold, copper, aluminum, etc. are all materials with high ductility. Platinum is the metal with the best ductility.

Brittle failure: No obvious deformation or other premonition failure type of structure or component before failure. ductile failure: The type of failure in which the structure or component has obvious deformation or other signs before failure.

Under the action of shock and vibration loads, the material of the structure is required to be able to absorb large energy, and at the same time, it can produce a certain deformation without damage, that is, the structure or component is required to have good ductility. For example, steel structure materials have good ductility and can resist strong earthquakes without collapsing; However, the masonry structure has poor deformation ability and is prone to brittle failure and collapse under strong earthquakes. To this end, the masonry structure house needs to be provided with structural columns and seismic ring beams according to the requirements of the seismic code to restrain the deformation of the masonry to increase its collapse resistance under the action of earthquake. Reinforced concrete materials have duality, if the design is reasonable, it can eliminate or reduce the harm of brittle properties of concrete, give full play to the plastic properties of steel bars, and realize ductile structures. To this end, the seismic reinforced concrete structure should be designed in accordance with the requirements of ductile structure to achieve the three levels of seismic fortification: the structure is in an elastic state under a small earthquake; In the event of a moderate earthquake, the structure may be damaged, but it can be repaired and can be used continuously; In the event of a major earthquake, the structure may be partially damaged, but it will not collapse or endanger life.

Ductilityandmalleability is a mechanical property of a substance, which indicates the ability of a material to plastically deform before it is subjected to force and fracture. Malleability is called by the combination of two mechanical properties with similar concepts: ductility and malleability. Common metals and many alloys are malleable.

In materials science, ductility is the ability of a material to be deformed by tensile stress. Ductility is mainly manifested when the material is stretched into a linear shape. Malleability is a similar concept, but it is expressed as the ability of a material to be deformed by compressive stress without breaking. Malleability is mainly manifested when the material is forged or rolled into a thin sheet. Malleability and malleability are not always related, for example, gold has good ductility and malleability, but lead only has good malleability. However, it is often referred to as malleability because of the similarity of these two properties.

malleability

Refers to the property of an object that can be pressed into thin sheets. Most metals are malleable, with gold being the most malleable.

The property that can be rolled into thin sheets without cracking under the action of external force (hammering or rolling) is called malleability

Example

In a metallic bond, the electrons of the valence shell move freely between many atoms. Such a property is called an "electron sea". Since electrons can move freely, metal atoms can move relative to each other without much resistance. Gold is the most malleable metal, followed by aluminum. However, many plastics and amorphous solids are also malleable. The metal with the best ductility is platinum Pt, and the metal with the best malleability is gold Au!

Natural metal minerals, such as natural gold, natural silver, natural copper, etc., have good ductility.

When a ductile mineral is cut with a knife, the surface of the mineral is immediately marked with a shiny groove without powder or fragments, which distinguishes it from brittleness.

Metals are malleable, which means that metals can be drawn into filaments. For example, the thinnest white gold wire is only 15,000 mm in diameter. Metals are malleable, which means they can be pressed into thin sheets, for example, the thinnest gold leaf is only 110,000mm thick. The metal with the best ductility is gold. It was reported that (1) 28 grams of gold were extended to 65 kilometers long; (2) One tael of gold, pressed into gold leaf, can cover two basketball courts. The malleability of a metal can be explained by the structure of the metal. When the metal is subjected to external force, the atomic layers in the metal are easy to make relative displacement, and the metal is deformed and not easy to break, so the metal has good deformation. However, there are also a few metals, such as antimony, bismuth, manganese, etc., which are brittle in nature and have no ductility. Therefore, it can only be said that general metals are malleable

Metallic ductility

Due to the relatively large radius of metal atoms and the relatively small number of valence electrons, electrons tend to break away from metal atoms and become free electrons (delocalized electrons), which no longer belong to a certain atom. Therefore, when the crystal is subjected to an external force, the metal cations slide between each other without breaking (because there are still free electrons around) and exhibit good ductility.

The essence of the interaction between metal cations and free electrons is the attraction between positive and negative ions, which is non-directional and saturated. Although the ionic bonds contained in the ionic crystal are also non-directional and unsaturated, when the ionic layer is moved by external force, the ions of the same charge are brought closer together, and the repulsion force increases, resulting in the non-malleability of the ionic crystal.

The law of ductility

Malleability is generally for metals, that is, for metal crystals, and for other crystals, malleability is generally not stressed. So, which metals are more malleable? Reactive metals tend to be very malleable, and inactive metals tend to be very malleable. For example, the ductility of Au, Ag and Pt is among the best, and the ductility of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals is among the worst (in metals). Of course, mercury is the least malleable of all metals, because it is in a liquid state under normal conditions.

Influencing factors

As far as stamping is concerned, mainly for iron, it is not for nothing that other metal materials are stamped, but less. The factor that determines the ductility of iron materials is the internal structure of the metal, the internal structure of iron determines the quality of its ductility, and the size and shape of the martensitic crystalline are closely related to the ductility of the metal. Martensite is large and has poor ductility, while martensite is small and malleable, and the size of martensite is related to the temperature change during heat treatment. The second is that the ratio of iron and other metal materials is related, such as iron doped with tungsten and other elements, its ductility is poor, and doped with tin and other metals, ductility becomes better.

Extensibility in the economy

Extensibility refers to the ability of an enterprise to derive a series of new products and services from its core competitiveness to meet customer needs. The core competitiveness has the ability to extend from the core competitiveness→ core technology→ core products → final products, that is, the core competitiveness of the enterprise contains one or several core technologies, and these core technologies cooperate with each other to form one or more core products, and then derive the final products from the core products. In this extension process, the core competitiveness of the enterprise is the leading force.

The extensibility of core competencies enables enterprises to meet the needs of customers to a greater extent, not only current needs, but also potential needs. The satisfaction of this demand is achieved by giving full play to the malleability of the core competitiveness and actively applying it in new fields. Extensibility makes the core competitiveness more able to ensure the success of the diversified development of the enterprise. Taking Japan's Sharp Company as an example, its core competitiveness is liquid crystal display technology, which gives Sharp a competitive advantage in the fields of notebook computers, pocket calculators, and large-screen imaging technology.