1. Describe stories and emotions that you have strong feelings as much as possible;

2. Have a deeper understanding and insight into human nature, feelings and even life;

3. Pay attention to the portrayal of details, especially those details that many people may have similar experiences; (The graphic sense of the text is also important.) ）

4. Don't talk about storytelling, give full play to the characteristics of strong poetry jumping, and aim the "camera" at the most representative picture;

5. Don't just have lyricism and no story, even if it is vague, there must be a little "fragment" or "shadow" of the story;

6. There should be the most essential sentences to climax, "the language is not amazing", and resolutely do not move the pen without coming up with wonderful words and sentences.

1. Describe stories and emotions that you have strong feelings as much as possible;

2. Have a deeper understanding and insight into human nature, feelings and even life;

3. Pay attention to the portrayal of details, especially those details that many people may have similar experiences; (The graphic sense of the text is also important.) ）

4. Don't talk about storytelling, give full play to the characteristics of strong poetry jumping, and aim the "camera" at the most representative picture;

5. Don't just have lyricism and no story, even if it is vague, there must be a little "fragment" or "shadow" of the story;

6. There should be the most essential sentences to climax, "the language is not amazing", and resolutely do not move the pen without coming up with wonderful words and sentences.

One. Mandarin phonetic system initials: 21 consonant initials, finals: 39, from the structural composition of the single finals, compound finals, nasal finals three categories, tone: tone is throughout the entire syllable of the rise and fall of the tone, with a distinguishing role, syllables: Mandarin syllables by initials, finals, tones, the coordination of the rhyme has a certain law.

Phonics and spelling of syllables: There are certain rules for syllable spelling, the main contents include: (1) the use of y and w, (2) the omission of the two points on ü, (3) the elision of iou, uei and uen, (4) the use of tone marks and soundproof symbols, and (5) the conjunctions and capitalization. To correctly use the Hanyu Pinyin scheme, it is necessary to master these rules.

2. Rhyme and rhyme 1. Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetic rhythm. Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called rhyme. 2。 Rhyming refers to the use of words that rhyme in certain positions in certain sentences in a specific genre. The rhyming style is called rhyme, and poetry is the most common rhyme.

From the Book of Songs to the poems of later generations, there is almost nothing that does not rhyme. There is no such thing as a folk song that does not rhyme. In northern opera, rhyme is also called rut, and rhyme is called conjunction. 3。 Whether a poem has a rhyme or not is something that ordinary people can perceive. As for explaining what rhyme is, it's not so simple. However, today we have the Chinese pinyin alphabet, and the concept of rhyme is still easy to explain.

General understanding: The so-called rhyme in poetry is roughly equivalent to the so-called finals in Chinese pinyin. As you know, a Chinese character is spelled together with pinyin letters, and it generally has initials and finals. For example, the character "gong" is spelled gōng, where g is the initial and ōng is the final. The initials are always in front and the finals are always in the back.

Let's look at "东" dōng, "同" tóng, "隆" lóng, "宗" zōng, "cong" cōng, etc., their finals are all ong, so they are the same rhyme words. Accurate understanding: "rhyme" is different from "rhyme", rhyme refers to the part of the rhyme that does not include the rhyme, and in ancient times, rhyme also included the component of tone, and the words with the rhyme must be in the same tone.

The rhyme refers to the vowel in front of the rhyme in the compound vowel, which is generally played by high vowels and is not pronounced loudly. In Mandarin, there are three rhymes: i, u, and ü [y]. The rhyme refers to the vowel with the largest opening and the loudest pronunciation in the compound vowel, also known as the main vowel. For example, a in ua[uA], e in ei[ei], and o in iou[iou].

The vowel sound in front of the rhyme is the rhyme head, and the vowel or consonant after the rhyme is the rhyme ending. The end of the rhyme refers to the vowel or consonant after the rhyme in the compound vowel. In Mandarin, there are n[n], ng[?] Two consonant endings and two vowel endings of i and u. For example, i in ei[ei], u in iao[iɑu], n in an[an], ng in ing[ing].

4。 Any word that rhymes with the same rhyme can rhyme. The so-called rhyme is to put two or more words that rhyme in the same place. Generally, the rhyme is always placed at the end of the sentence (the position of the rhyme is generally at the end of the sentence), so it is also called "rhyme foot". Let's take a look at the following example: Shuhu Yin Mr. Wall [Song] Wang Anshi thatched eaves are often swept without moss (tái), and flowers and trees are planted by hand (zāi).

A water protects the fields and wraps the greenery, and the two mountains send the green to (lái). Here "moss", "plant" and "come" rhyme because their finals are all ai. The word winding does not rhyme, because the word "winding" is spelled together as rào, and its finals are ao, which is not the same rhyme as "moss", "planting" and "come".

According to the rhythm, the third line of a four-line poem like this one does not rhyme. In pinyin, a, e, o may be preceded by i, u, ü, such as ia, ua, uai, iao, ian, uan, üan, iang, uang, ie, üe, iong, ueng, etc.

This kind of i, u, ü is called rhyme, and words with different rhymes are also considered to rhyme, and they can also rhyme. For example: Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellaneous [Song] Fan Cheng Da Day, Yun Tian Ye Ji Ma (má), the children of the village are in charge of their own homes (jiā). The children and grandchildren have not solved the problem of farming and weaving, and they also learn to grow melons (guā) in Sangyin (guā), and the finals of "hemp", "home", and "melon" are a, ia, and ua.

Although the finals are not identical, they are the same rhyming words, and the rhyme is equally harmonious. Exercise: Spring sleep is not aware, (xiǎo) smells birds everywhere. (niǎo) The sound of wind and rain comes at night, and the flowers fall to know how much. (shǎo) analysis: Xiao, bird, and shao characters rhyme because their finals are all "ǎo", while the word "sound" in the second sentence does not rhyme.

According to the rhythm, the third line of a four-line poem like this one does not rhyme. The first sentence may or may not be bet. 4。 The purpose of rhyme is to harmonize the rhyme. The repetition of the same kind of notes in the same position constitutes the beauty of the sound loop. But why is it that when we read the poems of the ancients, we often feel that their rhymes are not very harmonious, or even very dissonant? This is because of the different times.

Language has developed, phonetics have changed, and if we read them with modern phonetics, it is natural that they cannot be completely suitable. For example: 山行 [唐] Du Mu is far away on the cold mountain stone path slope (xié), and there are people in the depths (jiā) in the depths. Parking sits in love with the maple forest in the evening, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers (huā).

xié is not the same rhyme as jiā and huā, but the Tang Dynasty character for "oblique" is pronounced xiá (S is pronounced voiced), which is the same as the pronunciation of the character "oblique" in modern Shanghai. Therefore, it was harmonious at the time. Another example: Jiang Mianqu [Tang] Li Yi married Qu Tang Jia, and the dynasty mistook the concubine period (qī).

I knew that the tide had a letter, and I married the tide (ér). In this poem, "朝" and "儿" rhyme, and if you read it in today's Mandarin, qī and ér cannot be considered rhymes. If you pronounce the word "er" according to the vernacular pronunciation of Shanghai, and pronounce it like ní (this sound is close to the ancient sound), then it will be harmonious.

Today, of course, it is impossible (and not necessary) for us to read the poems of the ancients according to the ancient sound, but we should understand this truth so as not to suspect that the rhyme rhymed by the ancients is dissonant. The ancients rhymed according to the rhyme book. The so-called "official rhyme" of the ancients is the rhyme book promulgated by the imperial court. This kind of rhyme book, in the Tang Dynasty, was basically the same as the spoken language, and it was more reasonable to rhyme after the rhyme book.

After the Song Dynasty, the pronunciation changed greatly, and the poets still rhymed according to the rhyme book, which became unreasonable. Today, if we write old poems, we naturally don't have to rhyme according to the rhyme book. However, when we read the poems of the ancients, we should know the rhymes of the ancients. 3. Modern PoetryThe poems of the ancients were written according to the rhyme book.