Although there are not a few countries with launch vehicle technology on the Blue Star, the technology is relatively complete and the safety level is high, such as Mi Lijia, Mao Xiong and Dongtang.

And the difficulty of manned space technology is even higher than that of launch vehicles.

Although spacecraft is the simplest type of manned spacecraft, it is still much more complex than unmanned spacecraft (e.g., satellites, etc.).

Spacecraft have similarities with re-entry satellites, but in order to carry people, many special systems must be added to meet the diverse needs of astronauts working and living in space.

For example, environmental control and life support systems for air renewal, wastewater treatment and regeneration, ventilation, temperature and temperature control, telecommunication systems, instrumentation and lighting systems, spacesuits, manned maneuvers and escape systems.

In addition, spacecraft have basic structural systems, communication systems, power supply systems, temperature control systems, telemetry systems, attitude control systems, orbit change systems, and propellants.

Usually a spacecraft consists of two or three modules, such as a crew module, a service module, an orbital module, etc.

The crew compartment is where astronauts live and work during the flight, and in addition to the structure, it contains all environmental control and life support systems.

The service compartment is used to load various consumables, install attitude and track control system engines.

The orbital compartment is mainly used to load various instruments.

"I've seen your projector design model, which can accommodate a regular hexagonal cylinder spaceship with a side length of 3 meters and a height of 12 meters, is this size fixed?" A spacecraft design expert from the space agency spoke first.

Academician Ma replied: "The prototype is fixed, but we have improved the design scheme, taking into account the addition of vacuum pipes, the future projector guide rail is movable, and the plan has three specifications, namely 3 meters high 12, 4 meters high 16 meters, 5 meters high and 20 meters high. ”

Spacecraft experts have calculated that the three specifications have about 280 cubic meters, 498 cubic meters, and 779 cubic meters of space respectively.

The 280 cubic meter class has a mass of 34 tons, which is obviously not fully utilizing the space.

Taking the initial model of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft as an example, the parameters of the previous models are similar, with a total length of 8.86 meters, a diameter of 2.8 meters at the maximum, and a total weight of 7,790 kilograms.

That is, the volume of the initial model of the Shenzhou spacecraft is about 40 cubic meters, with an average of about 200 kilograms per cubic meter.

The projection spacecraft with a volume of 280 cubic meters, calculated according to the volume-to-weight ratio of the Shenzhou spacecraft, will reach about 56 tons.

The spacecraft expert thought for a while and asked, "Academician Ma, I don't know what the fuel and dead weight of your experimental spacecraft are?"

"The structure and equipment of the spacecraft itself is about 20 tons, the fuel and oxidizer are about 8 tons, the payload is 6 tons, and the remaining space is about 220 cubic meters." Academician Ma opened his notebook and replied.

"Is that so?" The spaceship expert thought for a moment, and after a moment, he spoke:

"Considering the increased speed of the projection ship, we must strengthen the ship's structure, otherwise the ship may disintegrate because it can't withstand too high speed."

"This may be very large, after all, the spacecraft is at an altitude of 60~100 kilometers above sea level, and the atmospheric density is still relatively high, so it is necessary to increase the thermal insulation layer and strengthen the overall structure." Huang Haojie agrees with this possibility.

"Maybe we can use graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites to make spacecraft to reduce the dead weight of spacecraft." Li Xiang suggested.

Hearing graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites, Li Zhongting hurriedly asked a question:

"With these materials, will the overall cost of the spaceship be too high?"

After all, things that are related to terms such as nano, graphene, and carbon nanotubes are not bargains at a glance.

"It doesn't matter if it's more expensive, the projection ship itself is designed to be reusable, and I consider that the projection ship should be reusable at least a thousand times." Huang Haojie clicked on the display screen, and a model of a hexagonal cylinder spaceship emerged.

"More than a thousand?"

Spacecraft experts and Li Zhongting and others felt a lot of pressure, even if it was a space shuttle that the Mi Lijia claimed could be reused hundreds of times, the five space shuttles combined were not used a hundred times, and there were two glorious ones during the period.

Designing a spaceship that can be reused thousands of times is a bit of a challenge.

"I know it's very difficult, but it's hard at the beginning, as long as you keep going with your goals, there are always more ways than difficulties." After Huang Haojie finished speaking, he took out a report from the spaceship model and sent it to everyone.

"This report is a report obtained by Galaxy Technology to investigate and count all the space accidents in the world."

Everyone looked at it carefully, and as the people on the side of the space agency, of course they wanted a similar research report.

In fact, the most prone failure of spacecraft is the failure of the operating system, mainly the electronic components in outer space, which are affected by cosmic rays, and the aging and failure rate have risen sharply.

Whether it is Mao Xiong or Mi Lijia, their spacecraft has had many control system failures, resulting in accidents.

So what exactly is the radiation of spacecraft such as artificial satellites and space stations?

It all started with the "space race" of the last century.

In 1957, Lao Maozi launched mankind's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1.

As a follow-up, in 1958 Mirijia also launched its first artificial satellite, Explorer 1, which was equipped with a Geiger counter to measure the intensity of radiation doses.

Fan?? After observing the radiation phenomenon around the Earth, Aaron said: My God! Space is radioactive (to the effect of: Oh my God!) Space turned out to be radioactive).

Therefore, this radiation belt around the blue star is called the Van Allen Belt (Fan?? Aaron Band).

Fan?? The Allen belt is divided into an inner band and an outer band, and the charged particles caused by cosmic rays or solar wind are bound to the periphery of the blue star by the Lorentz force under the action of the blue star's magnetic field when they reach the blue star.

The inner band is mainly composed of positively charged protons, and the outer band is composed of negatively charged electrons.

Depending on the size of the inner and outer zones, low-orbit satellites or the International Space Station are located in the inner zones composed of protons.

Satellites such as Beidou or GPS navigation satellites, which mostly operate in higher orbits, are more susceptible to the outer band of electronic composition.

Damage to spacecraft caused by radiation in outer space is widespread.

According to the NASA document "Spacecraft System Failures and Anomalies Attributed to the Natural Space Environment," more than 100 spacecraft failures caused by the space environment between 1973 and 1995 are reported.

Among them, the severe solar storm in 1989 caused 45 satellites to lose contact.

In addition, due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's magnetic field, the intensity of radiation over different parts of the Earth also varies.

In South America, near the South Atlantic Ocean, there is a region where the Earth's magnetic field is weak, and because the magnetic field is weak, its ability to bind charged particles is not strong, causing protons to get closer to the Earth.

Low-orbit satellites that pass through the region are more prone to failure.

The UoSat satellite, built by John's Surrey Satellite Company, has recorded anomalies caused by its passage over different Earths, and the number of anomalies in the above-mentioned regions with weak Earth's magnetic field is significantly higher.

If the solar wind is taken into account, the ejection of charged particles during solar storms will seriously affect the original equilibrium of the Van Allen belt.

During this period, satellite work is more susceptible to charged particles.

Taking Beidou or GPS satellite navigation systems as an example, on September 8, 2017, the sun erupted with the strongest flare in recent years, and the ionospheric disturbance caused by it seriously affected the positioning results of ground navigators, and the user's positioning error was several times larger than before.

So, how does space radiation affect the safety of spacecraft?

Depending on the mechanism of action, it can be divided into three types.

The first is called the "Total Radiation Dose (TID)" effect, in which field-effect transistors (MOS) are widely used in modern electronics, and the gate oxygen layer of field-effect transistors is susceptible to ionizing radiation, causing device failure when a certain dose is reached.

The second type is called "displacement damage (DD)", when high-energy particles hit the crystal lattice, causing the position of the atoms in the crystal lattice to shift.

This effect has the greatest impact on satellite solar panels, which can easily lead to a decrease in the efficiency of solar panels, which ultimately leads to insufficient power supply to satellites.

The third type is called a "single event (SEE)", where high-energy particles tend to cause the logic of the circuit to flip when they hit the logic circuit, and if they are unlucky, they will enter an endless loop.

So how can countries prevent or avoid the possible effects of space radiation on spacecraft?

At present, the equipment on satellites and space stations is generally reinforced.

For example, in the design of "programmable logic gate arrays", a technique called Three Module Redundancy can be used.

It is to use 3 copies of the same device performance to vote, assuming that 2 of the 3 copies cannot be knocked over at the same time, and pay the price of resources in exchange for the reliability of the system.

Of course, the space station will also use special materials to isolate and weaken the space radiation.

Similarly, for astronauts on missions in outer space, the spacesuits they wear are also designed to be radiation-proof.

All of the above is the case of Raodi satellites or space stations.

For deep space exploration, such as Cassini, which crashed into Saturn on September 15, 2017, or Voyager, which has already flown out of the solar system, it is more affected by cosmic rays, but the principle is the same.