Gu Jade Bird and Lanling don't know where the sand here came from, but the appearance of sand in this place itself is very weird, right?

The ancient bluebird's divine eyes couldn't see the color, but Lanling took out the lamp at this time, and then they saw that the sand in this place was all white.

In ancient times, the ancient bluebird had heard of white sand beaches, such as China, such as the Philippines, and there were many white sand beaches seen in movies, which were very beautiful, but this was the first time to see the real thing.

"So this place is sand again? And it's not the same as the sand in the ocean outside? Gu Qingniao asked.

Lan Ling reached out and grabbed a handful of sand and said, "Sand containing calcite, quartz and other rock components will appear white. Naturally occurring silica is also called silica, and transparent quartz crystals are often referred to as crystals, gravel, etc. The main component of quartz is also silica, which is widely found in nature, and is a hard and refractory solid, but can react with alkali to form salts and sand. In the process of forming a sandy beach, the white color of the sand is masked by mixing with different substances. Magnetite-rich sand is darker in color and its source is mostly basalt from volcanoes. Sand containing chlorate and glauconite has a greenish color and is derived from basalt (lava) with a high content of olivine. The sand in some areas also contains hard minerals such as garnet and some small gemstones. Therefore, the sand seen by the naked eye is mostly a mixture, and the silver color expressed is only the color of the sand itself and some crystalline minerals due to its few impurities. The formation of Silver Beach in the North Sea is similar to the gypsum dunes in the White Sands National Conservation Area in New Mexico, because it is a protected area, so there are few external impurities that blend into the sand, and the resulting dunes are also bright and white. ”

Calcite is a calcium carbonate mineral, which is the most common of natural calcium carbonates. [1] As a result, calcite is a widely distributed mineral. The crystal shapes of calcite are varied, and their aggregates can be clusters of crystals, granular, massive, fibrous, stalactites, earth, and so on. Tapping calcite can get a lot of square pieces, hence the name calcite.

Calcite is a calcium carbonate mineral, which is the most common of natural calcium carbonates. Therefore, calcite is a mineral that is widely distributed. The crystal shapes of calcite are varied, and their aggregates can be clusters of crystals, granular, massive, fibrous, stalactites, earth, and so on. Knocking calcite can get a lot of square pieces, hence the name solution. The color of calcite varies according to the impurities it contains, such as light yellow, light red, brownish black and so on when it contains iron and manganese. However, it is generally white or colorless. Colorless and transparent calcite is also called ice island stone, and this kind of calcite has a wonderful feature, that is, through it you can see the object in a double image. Therefore, Bingzhou stone is an important optical material. Calcite is the main mineral of limestone and marble, and has many uses in production and life. We know that limestone can form karst caves, and the stalactites and stalagmites in the caves are actually made of calcite. Calcite often contains M

、Fe、Z

、Mg、Pb、S

, Ba, Co, TR and other homogeneous substitutes; When they reach a certain amount, they can form varieties such as manganese calcite, iron calcite, zinc calcite, magnesium calcite, etc. In addition, brucite, dolomite, iron hydroxides and oxides, sulfides, quartz and other mechanical mixtures are also common in the crystal. trigonal crystal system; Intact crystals are common. There are various forms, and there are more than 600 different polymorphs. It is mainly a columnar with parallel development and a plate-like with parallel development and rhombohedral or complex trigonal hemitrigonal trigonal in various states. Calcite often depends on the formation of contact double crystals, more often according to the formation of poly double crystals, this poly double crystal pattern on the cleavage plane of the orientation is different from dolomite, in nature, the appearance of this kind of poly double crystals, can be used to show that calcite has been subjected to geological stress after the formation. [2] Calcite composition Editor Calcite,[3] The chemical composition of CaO is 56.03%, CO2 is 43.97%, and often contains M

and Fe, sometimes with S

[3] 。 Its name comes from its easy to break into square pieces along its cleavage, Li Shizhen in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" believes that calcite "is like anhydrite into blocks, hit the block block solution, the wall is bright, the name calcite also". Calcite can often see good crystals, common crystal forms are hexagonal cylindrical {1010} and rhombohedral {0112} polymorphic, complex trigonal partial triangular surface {2131}, rhombohedral {0112}, etc., rhombohedral {1011} monomorphic crystals (the same as cleavage block shape) are relatively rare; According to (0112), it is common to form poly sheet bicrystals, which is the result of stress; It is also {0001} contact with the twin crystals. The aggregates are granular, dense, stalactite, nodule, ootic, bean-like, and earthy (chalky) [3]. The color of calcite varies according to the impurities it contains, such as light yellow, light red, brownish black, etc. when it contains iron and manganese, but it is generally white or colorless. The colorless and transparent calcite, also known as ice-island stone (named because it is abundant in Iceland [3]), has a wonderful feature that it can see objects in a double image, so ice-island stone is an important optical material. Calcite is the main mineral of limestone and marble, and has many uses in production and life. We know that limestone can form karst caves, and the stalactites and stalagmites in the caves are actually made of calcite. On August 17, 2004, Xu's Jewelry Studio in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province donated the world's two largest calcite gemstones to the Geological Museum of China. One of the gemstones (right) is a light yellow, turned-Portuguese cut calcite gemstone weighing 172.5 carats, and the other calcite (3 photos) (left) is a golden-brown, hexagonal calcite gemstone weighing 84 carats. Both stones weigh more than the 75.8 ct golden-brown baguette-cut calcite gemstone in the Smithsonian Museum in the United States. These two calcite gemstones were carefully researched and successfully crafted by Xu's Jewelry Studio in Guiyang City for more than two years from 2000 to 2002, filling the gap in the processing of bright calcite gemstones in China. Often contains M

、Fe、Z

、Mg、Pb、S

, Ba, Co, TR and other homogeneous substitutes; When they reach a certain amount, they can form varieties such as manganese calcite, iron calcite, zinc calcite, magnesium calcite, etc. In addition, brucite, dolomite, iron hydroxides and oxides, sulfides, quartz and other mechanical mixtures are also common in the crystal. Genesis and occurrence of calcite Edit Calcite is widely distributed in nature [3] . Vast limestone layers are often deposited in shallow seas or lakes. Groundwater can dissolve limestone and can also be reformed into calcite, such as stalactites, stalagmites, travertine, etc. Groundwater active in the soil often forms calcite nodules distributed along a certain level near the diving surface, which geologists are accustomed to calling calcareous nodules. Ore-bearing or non-ore-bearing calcite veins are often formed during hydrothermal activities. In geodes, there are often good crystals. Calcite often accounts for about 80% of the carbonates formed by magmatism. In addition, calcite is also used as a cementation of clastic sedimentary rocks, and minerals after alteration of mafic magmatic rocks are involved in various rocks. Due to groundwater activity, the fissures of various rocks are also often filled with calcite veins. Limestone formed by sedimentation, in regional metamorphism or contact metamorphism, the calcite in it is often recrystallized to form a calcite aggregate with coarse grains - marble. [3] Calcite crystal structure Ed. Trigonal Crystal System; -R c； Rhombohedral unit cell: a

h=0.637

m,α=46°07′； Z=2, if converted to a hexagonal (double body-centered) lattice, then: ah=0.499

m,ch=1.706

m; Z=6。 [1] Calcite-type structures are described in the overview section of Chapter 22 of Mineralogy. The crystal structure of calcite can be derived from the NaCl structure. It is assumed that the crystal structure of NaCl is flattened along a cubic axis, and the carbonate ions and Ca ions are placed in the positions of the Cl ions and Na ions that deform the NaCl structure respectively, and the carbonate ions in the plane triangle are arranged perpendicular to the cubic axis, that is, the crystal structure of calcite (see Figure [Crystal Structure of Calcite]) is commonly intact. There are various forms, and there are more than 600 different polymorphs. Mainly in the form of parallel [0001] development of columnar and parallel{0001} calcite (3 photos) developed tabular and various states of rhombohedral or complex trigonal hemitrigonal hemiahedron (Fig. H-1). Calcite often forms contact double crystals according to (0001), and more often forms poly double crystals according to (01 2), and the orientation of this poly double crystal pattern on the cleavage plane is different from that of dolomite (Fig. H-2), and in nature, the appearance of this poly double crystal can be used to indicate that calcite has been subjected to geological stress after its formation. Colorless or white, sometimes Fe, M

, Cu and other elements are dyed light yellow, light red, purple, brownish black. Colorless and transparent calcite is called icespa

)。 cleavage {10 1} complete; Under the influence of stress, it slips into a crack along the direction of {01 2} poly double crystal. Hardness 3. The relative density is 2.6~2.9. Some calcite is optospiratory. Calcite is the most important rock-forming ore in the earth's crust. English name: calcite, metamorphic rock, carbonate mineral, chemical composition: CaCO3, trigonal crystal system, three groups of complete cleavage, fracture; Vitreous luster. Completely transparent to translucent, ordinary white or colorless, because it contains other metallic chromogenic elements, it appears light red, light yellow, light tea, rose red, purple, a variety of colors, streak white, hardness 2.704--3.0, specific gravity 2.6~2.8, violently blistered in case of dilute hydrochloric acid, very pure and completely transparent crystals are commonly known as ice island stone (Icela

d Spa

), with strong birefringence function and maximum polarized light function, it is a natural crystal that cannot be manufactured artificially and cannot be replaced. Calcite Uses Edit Calcite crystals come in a variety of shapes, and the main mineral of limestone, marble, and beautiful stalactites is calcite. Travertine can be deposited in spring water, and it is often a secondary mineral in igneous rocks, and in the almond holes of basalt flows, the cracks in the sedimentary rocks are often filled with calcite to form veins, or produced by biological processes in the form of shells or reefs. Calcite (3 photos) Because of its birefringence, Bingzhou stone is often used in polarizing prisms, such as cutting into columns in a certain way, it can be used as a prism of a microscope to detect the optical properties of minerals, and its quality requirements must be: colorless and transparent, no bubbles or cracks inside, no double crystals or distortions, more than 0.5 inches (12.5mm) cube. Generally, calcite is used in chemical industry, cement and other industrial raw materials. Calcite is used as a flux in the metallurgical industry and in the construction industry to produce cement and lime. Also used in plastics, papermaking, toothpaste. It is used as a filling additive in food. The addition of calcite in glass production will make the resulting glass translucent, which is especially suitable for glass lampshades. Calcite is found in limestone mountains. It is widely found in Tertiary and Quaternary limestone and metamorphic rock deposits. Calcite is the earth's rock-forming ore, which occupies more than 40% of the total crust, and its species are not less than 200 species. Representative production areas include China, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Germany. All the countries of the world have minerals. Calcite is divided into large square solution and small square solution, and Bingzhou stone, China's calcite is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan area, Guangxi calcite in the domestic market because of high whiteness, less acid insoluble matter and famous. Calcite is also found in North China and Northeast China, but it is often accompanied by dolomite, the whiteness is generally below 94, and the acid insoluble matter is too high. Calcite color Edit Calcite Beige Calcite Beige Calcite (Beige = Beep) Blue Calcite Cobaltia

Calcite contains cobalt calcite (South Africa) G

ee

Calcite Green Calcite (China) Golde

Calcite Golden Calcite (China) O

a

GE Calcite Orange Calcite (Canada, China. Mexico) Utah Ho

eycomb calcite utah honeycomb calcite calcite Chinese medicine name edit 【drug name】calcite. Cold water stone calcite [alias] Huangshi [Hanyu Pinyin] fa

g jie shi [English name] Calcite [Latin plant animal mineral name] Calcite [return to the meridian] lungs; Gastric meridian [chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine] contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3), of which CaO is 56% and CO2 is 44%. The mixtures are Mg, Fe, and M

and trace amounts of Z

、S

Wait. 【Efficacy】Clearing away heat and dampness; Tongmai Detoxification [Research] from 1. "Notes on the Materia Medica" 2. "Lei Gong Cannon Theory": Although calcite is white, it is opaque, and its nature is dry. 3. "Compendium": Calcite is similar to anhydrite, both are as smooth as white quartz, but the broken pieces of knock are anhydrite, and the square edges are calcite, and the cover is one or two kinds, which can also be universal. 【Family Classification】Calcium Compounds Calcite 【Latin Name】Calcite 【Indications】Heat and gas in the chest; Jaundice is widely distributed and is an important part of endogenous hydrothermal veins and sedimentary carbonate rocks. It is produced in sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks, and there are many metal veins, and the crystals are good. 【Harvesting and Storage】Remove soil and debris after harvesting. 【Resource distribution】Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Tibet, Qinghai and other places have output. 【Contraindications】"Notes on the Materia Medica": Croton. 【Animal and plant morphology】Trigonal crystal system. The crystals are rhombohedral, and there are also columnar and plate-shaped. Aggregates are often produced in the form of stalactites or dense granules. The color is mostly colorless or milky white, and if it contains mixed substances, it is dyed in various colors such as gray, yellow, rose, red, and brown. It has a glassy luster. Transparent to opaque. There is complete cleavage; It can be split in three different directions. Shell-shaped section. Hardness 3. Specific gravity 2.6-2.8. 【Efficacy classification】Heat-clearing and dampness medicine; Antidote [Preparation method] Wash and dry, and smash into small pieces. 【Sexual taste】bitter; Great Cold; Non-toxic [medicinal material base] is the ore of carbonate mineral calcite. 【Usage and Dosage】Internal: decoction, 3-5 money; or into a powder. 【Source】《Chinese Materia Medica》Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Calcite Effect Editor 1. Treatment of osteoporosis, prevention of arteriosclerosis, memory loss, elimination of odors, dampness Calcite crystals . 2. It can filter the smell of the air and is a famous "aroma master". It can be used to improve odor and energy in the environment. 3. Rough stones are placed in cars, kitchens, toilets, cabinets, etc. It is an expert in deodorization. Orange and red (heart chakra) calcite is joyful and happy, and can reconcile misunderstandings and quarrels between lovers and couples, and enhance relationships. It is a gem of joy and happiness. Red Balanced Heart Chakra. Green Green calcite is suitable for filtering dirty air, musty odors in the room, and moisture. (In fact, calcite of any color also has this effect) Golden Yellow (Eyebrow Chakra) Golden calcite is suitable for people who like to pursue the truth. It can balance the treatment of the third eye acupuncture point. Black Black calcite can be cautious and helpful for planners and strategists. Blue (Balances All Chakras) Blue calcite unlocks, heals, and balances all chakras. It is especially effective for the heart chakra. Transparent (Balance Sahasrara) Transparent calcite enhances the knowledge of truth and helps to calm the mind. Balance the crown chakra. Purple Purple calcite can make people feel comfortable with all kinds of encounters. Gray Gray calcite gives people a clear mind and makes correct judgments about things. Scientifically speaking, calcite is nothing more than a type of calcium carbonate, which is no different from lime to the human body. Even according to Buddhism, don't expect a stone everywhere to be an elixir, an elixir, and a cure. The above group of curative effects are just propaganda tactics. Calcite Identification Methods Edit As a common carbonate mineral, calcite is widely found in nature. On hand specimens, it is usually grayish-white to white, with three groups of complete cleavage visible; Drops of dilute hydrochloric acid strongly foam; The hardness is less than that of a knife. Under single polarization, the double crystals of calcite are parallel to the long diagonal of the diamond-shaped crystals. Advanced white interference colors are visible in orthogonal polarization. In cast lamellae, it is usually stained with a mixture of alizarin red and iron***, and calcite is dyed red.

Quartz is one of the main rock-forming minerals, generally referred to as low-temperature quartz (α-quartz), which is the most widely distributed mineral in the quartz group of minerals. Quartz in a broad sense also includes high-temperature quartz (β-quartz) and co-quartz. [1] The main ingredient is SiO2, which is colorless and transparent, often containing a small amount of impurities, and becomes translucent or opaque crystals with a hard texture. Quartz is a mineral resource with stable physical and chemical properties, and the crystal belongs to the trigonal crystal system of oxide minerals. [2] Quartz block, also known as silica, is mainly a raw material for the production of quartz sand [3] (also known as silica sand), as well as a raw material for quartz refractories and fired ferrosilicon. Quartz is a mineral composed of silica with the chemical formula SiO2. Pure quartz is colorless and transparent, and has various colors due to the presence of trace pigment ions or fine dispersed inclusions, or the presence of color centers, and reduces transparency. It has a glass luster, and the fracture is grease luster. Hardness 7, no cleavage, shell-like fracture. Specific gravity 2.65. Piezoelectric. [1] Colorless, transparent quartz, known to the Greeks as "K."

ystallos", which means "white ice", they are sure that quartz is durable and strong ice. The ancient Chinese believed that holding cold crystals in their mouths would quench their thirst. On October 27, 2017, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a preliminary list of carcinogens, and crystalline silica dust in the form of quartz or cristobalite is in the list of a class of carcinogens.

Quartz is one of the most widely distributed minerals on the earth's surface, there are many types of quartz, and the daily ceramic raw materials used are vein quartz, quartz sand, quartzite, sandstone, silica, opal, diatomaceous earth, etc. Like ordinary sand and crystal, it is a substance that "comes out of the same mother's womb". When silica crystallizes perfectly, it is crystal, silica gelatinizes and dehydrates agate, and silica water-containing colloids solidify to become opal. When the silica grains are less than a few microns, chalcedony, flint, and secondary quartzite are formed. Rose quartz (2 photos) It is also quite versatile. As far back as the Stone Age, people used it to make simple production tools such as stone axes and stone arrows to hunt food and fight off enemies [2] . Piezoelectric quartz sheets are used as standard frequencies in quartz clocks and electronic devices. The molten glass can be used to make optical instruments, glasses, glass tubes and other products. It can also be used as industrial raw materials such as bearings, grinding materials, glass ceramics and other precision instruments. Quartz is a non-plastic raw material, and the mullite crystals generated with clay at high temperature give porcelain high mechanical strength and chemical stability, and can increase the translucency of the body, which is a good raw material for the preparation of white glaze. During the period of the Republic of China, the quartz produced in Xiasanbaopeng Village, Jingdezhen was mostly used. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, most of the quartz from Xingzi, Duchang, Xiushui and other places were used, especially after 2000, the amount of quartz increased dramatically. The dosage of glaze is 10%~30%, which should be washed and sorted before use, to remove dirt and impurities, and placed in the kiln for high temperature calcination to facilitate crushing. Quartz is the main mineral component of silica mines. Contains 46.70% silicon. There are three types of low-temperature quartz (α-quartz) and hexagonal high-temperature quartz (β-quartz). Generally speaking, the term quartz refers to low-temperature quartz. Trigonal crystal system, the crystal is hexagonal columnar, and double crystal is common. It is usually a crystalline cluster, material, and block aggregate. It has a variety of colors, the colorless and transparent ones are called crystals, the milky ones are called milky quartz, the purple ones are called amethysts, the light rose-colored ones are called rose quartz, the smoke-colored ones are called smoky quartz, and the brown ones are called citrine. Vitreous luster. Hardness 7, density 2.65g/cm3. Insoluble in any acid other than ***. One of the most widely distributed minerals in the earth's crust, it is a mineral component of many rocks and deposits. It is used in the manufacture of silica gel, water glass and various silicides and silicates, and is used as a filler for plastics and rubber. It is also widely used in glass, ceramics, petroleum, metallurgy, casting, building materials and other sectors[5] Quartz quartz sand Edit Quartz properties and structure Quartz sand is a hard, wear-resistant, chemically stable silicate mineral, and its main mineral component is SiO2. Quartz sand has a variety of colors, often milky white, colorless, and gray. The hardness is 7, brittle, no cleavage, shell-like fracture. The grease is glossy with a density of 2.65 g/cm³ and has a clear anisotropy in its chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. Insoluble in acid, slightly soluble in KOH solution, melting point 1750 °C. Piezoelectric. The main types of quartz quartz sand can be divided into ordinary quartz sand, refined quartz sand, high-purity quartz sand, and fused silica sand according to quality. 1. Ordinary quartz sand SiO2≥90~99%, FeO ≤0.06~0.02%, refractory 1750~1800°C. The appearance part is large and particles, and there are yellow skin cysts on the surface. The particle size range is 5~220 mesh, and it can be produced according to the particle size required by users. Main uses: metallurgy, ink silicon carbide, glass and glass products, enamel, steel casting, water filtration, bubble alkali, chemical industry, sand blasting and other industries. 2. Refined quartz sand SiO2≥99~99.5%, Fe2O3≤0.02~0.015%. Selected high-quality ores are processed in complex ways. The particle size range is 5~480 mesh, which can be produced according to user requirements, and the appearance is white or crystalline. Main uses: high-grade glass, glass products, refractory materials, smelting stones, precision casting, grinding wheel abrasives, etc. 3. High-purity quartz sand SiO2≥ 99.5~99.9%, FeO≤0.005%. It is made of 1~3 grade natural crystal stones and high-quality natural stones, which are carefully selected and finely processed. The particle size range is 1~0.5mm, 0.5~0.1mm, 0.1~0.01mm, 0.01~0.005mm. 4. Fused silica sand Chemical composition: SiO2: 99.9~99.99%. Fe2O3：10PPM~25PPM。 Max Li2O content: 1~2PPM. Max Al2O3 content: 20~30PPM. Max K2O content: 20~25PPM. Max Na2O content: 10~20PPM. Physical properties: The appearance is colorless and transparent lumpy, granular or white powder. True specific gravity: 2.21 Mohs hardness: 7.0 PH value: 6.0 5. Silica powder Silica powder: gray or off-white powder in appearance. Refractory > 1600°C. Bulk density: 200~250 kg / cubic meter. The chemical composition of silica powder is shown in the following table: Item Average SiO2 75~96% Al2O3 1.0±0.2% Fe2O3 0.9±0.3% MgO 0.7±0.1% CaO 0.3±0.1% NaO 1.3±0.2% PH value Neutral Quartz sand is an important industrial mineral raw material, widely used in glass, casting, ceramics and refractories, metallurgy, construction, chemical, plastics, rubber, abrasives and other industries. 1. Glass: Flat glass, float glass, glass products (glass jars, glass bottles, glass tubes, etc.), optical glass, glass fiber, glass instruments, conductive glass, quartz crucible (2 photos), glass, glass cloth and anti-ray special glass. 2. Ceramics and refractory materials Blanks and glazes of porcelain, raw materials for kilns such as high silica bricks, ordinary silica bricks, silicon carbide, etc. 3. Metallurgical raw materials or additives and fluxes for silicon metal, ferrosilicon alloy, silicon-aluminum alloy, etc. 4. Construction concrete, cementitious materials, road construction materials, artificial marble, cement physical property inspection materials (i.e., cement standard sand), etc. 5. Raw materials for chemical silicon compounds and water glass, fillers for sulfuric acid towers, amorphous silica powder, etc. 6. The main raw materials of mechanical casting molding sand, abrasive materials (sandblasting, hard grinding paper, sandpaper, abrasive cloth, etc.). 7. Electronics: high-purity silicon metal, optical fibers for communication, crystal oscillators, piezoelectric crystals, etc. 8. Rubber and plastic fillers (can improve wear resistance) 9. Coating fillers (can improve the weather resistance of coatings) 10. Aerospace Its internal molecular chain structure, crystal shape and lattice change law. It has high temperature resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high insulation, corrosion resistance, piezoelectric effect, resonance and its unique optical properties. 11. Jewelry Quartz is actually the mineral name of crystal, with the same chemical composition, the difference is that gem-quality crystal can be used as a gemstone material, which can be processed into various jewelry. After dyeing, most of the polycrystalline quartzite can only be used as imitations of jade, such as: jadeite, Xiuyan jade, Dushan jade, etc. Single-crystal quartz can also be blasted and then dyed to imitate gemstones such as tourmaline. Quartz Quartz Gemstones Edit When quartz crystals contain tiny bubbles or liquids that fill cracks, they produce rainbows by interfering light, which can be used to make exquisite jewelry. Napoleon's wife, Empress Josephine (Emp

ess Josephi

e) Have a dazzling collection of gemstones, which is jewelry made of rainbow quartz. Quartz contains various impurities and different colors, and has the following different species: 1. Crystal (

ock c

ystal): colorless and transparent. 2. Amethyst (amethyst): purple transparent or translucent, decolorized by heating. 3. Rose quartz (

ose qua

TZ): light rose, dense translucent. 4. Smoke quartz (**oky qua

tz): color or brown transparent xenomorph. The color is due to the substitution of Si by Al under the action of radiation, which is caused by the absence of paramagnetic center in tetrahedron. The further the color deepens, it becomes black qua

tz）。 5. Citrine (CIT

i

e): Golden or lemon yellow.

Feldspar is the most important rock-forming mineral for surface rocks. Feldspar is a general term for feldspar minerals, which is a common class of aluminosilicate rock-forming minerals containing calcium, sodium and potassium.

Feldspar is an aluminosilicate mineral containing calcium, sodium, and potassium. There are many kinds of it, such as albite, afeldspar, barium feldspar, barium ice feldspar, microcline feldspar, orthoclase, petalase and so on. They all have a vitreous luster and come in a variety of colors. There are colorless, white, yellow, pink, green, gray, black, etc. Some are transparent, some are translucent. Feldspar itself should be colorless and transparent, and the reason why it is colored or not completely transparent is because it contains other impurities. Some are lumpy, some are plate-shaped, some are columnar or needle-shaped, etc.

Feldspar rich in potassium or sodium is mainly used in the ceramics, glass and enamel industries. Feldspar containing rare elements such as rubidium and cesium can be used as a mineral raw material for extracting these elements. Beautifully colored feldspar can be used as a decorative stone and as a secondary gemstone.

Feldspar accounts for up to 60% of the earth's crust and can occur in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks. Feldspar is the main mineral component of almost all igneous rocks and is of great significance for the classification of rocks. There is also a drug of the same name.

Feldspar homogeneous substitution is well developed, and their chemical composition is commonly used O

xAby A

z(x+y+z=100). O

, Ab and A

They represent KAlSi3O8, NaAlSi3O8 and CaAl2Si2O8, three components, respectively. Mainly with a certain two components, it can be divided into two homogeneous series: alkaline feldspar series (i.e., O

-Ab series) and plagioclase series (i.e., Ab-A

series). O

With A

The components can only be miscible to a limited extent and do not form a series.

The hardness of feldspar fluctuates between 6-6.5, the specific gravity fluctuates between 2.55-2.75, the relative density is 2.55-2.75kg/m, and the cleavage of the two groups is complete. Brittle, has high compressive strength, and has strong chemical stability to acids. Potassium feldspar is mostly flesh-red in color, but also gray and white-brown. Albite is white, gray and light yellow. Feldspar is white or light gray in color.

The basic structural unit of feldspar is the tetrahedron, which is made up of 4 oxygen atoms around a silicon atom or aluminum atom. Each of these tetrahedra shares an oxygen atom with the other tetrahedron, forming a kind of three-dimensional skeleton. Alkaline or alkaline earth metal cations with large radii are located in large voids within the skeleton with a coordination number of 8 (in monoclinic feldspar) or 9 (in triclinic feldspar).

Most feldspar crystals are mainly tabular or plate-shaped along a certain crystalline axis. The phenomenon of double crystal is very common, and there are more than 20 kinds of double crystal laws. The common ones are albite law, Maniba law, Bavenor law, casbarel and Xiao albite law double crystal. They are found in triclinic crystals or monoclinic and triclinic crystals, respectively.

Feldspar is commonly milky white, but it is often dyed yellow, brown, light red, dark gray and other colors because it contains a variety of impurities, and some can also have beautiful color change or halo. There are two groups of complete cleavage, which are at an angle of 90° (monoclinic system) or nearly 90° (87°) (triclinic system). The specific gravity is between 2.55~2.75, with the composition of A

The content increases and increases, with O

of increase and decrease. The Mohs hardness is 6~6.5.

The most common mineral in the earth's crust is feldspar, and it is found even on the moon and in meteorites. At a depth of 15 kilometres, feldspar accounts for 60% of the total weight of the earth's crust. Feldspar is the main component that makes up igneous rocks and is also common in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Feldspar is generally very small in volcanic and metamorphic rocks, only 0.1~10 mm. It can reach 5~10 cm in porphyry, and tens of meters in pegmatite. Feldspar is a raw material for the ceramics and glass industries. Some feldspar have a beautiful color change or halo and can be used as a gemstone material.

Amphibole is a general term for the minerals of the amphibole family, which is a member of the amphibole family. Silicates or aluminosilicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium, aluminum, etc. It is similar in form and composition to the pyroxene group, but is distinguished by the presence of OH. Single crystals are more common, long columnar, and hexagonal in cross-section. Aggregates are often fibrous. Green-black or black. Vitreous luster. Hardness 5.0~6.5. Two groups of cleavages were developed in a parallel columnar shape, and the cleavage angle was 56°.

Amphibole (ho

ble

The name de) comes from the term derived from the German word for miners, ho

May refer to the color of the horn, ble

DE means deceiver. This mineral is black and luminescent, and is a metal-bearing mineral, but it does not contain valuable metals.

According to the crystal system, it can be divided into orthogonal amphibole, monoclinoamphibole and triclinoamphibole subfamilies. Monoclinose amphibole is more common, and the orthorhombic amphibole subfamily mainly includes anthophyllite and aluminum anthophyllite (ged

ite); The triclinobole subfamily mainly consists of plagioamphibole

The main ones are tremolite, actinolite, common hornblende and albite, blue amphibole and so on. It is a chain-like silicate containing magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium, and aluminum containing (OH), and the same quality is common. The crystals are long columnar, and the aggregates are granular, fibrous, radial, etc. Generally dark in color, ranging from green, brown, brown to black. Vitreous luster. Hardness 5~6. The angles of intersection of the two groups of moderately developed cleavage planes were 124° and 56°. Density 3.0~3.5. Anthophyllite, albite, tremolite, actinolite sometimes present a fibrous aggregate with silk luster, collectively known as amphibole asbestos, which is an industrial insulation and thermal insulation material. Cryptocrystalline dense block tremolite and actinolite are nephrite and are arts and crafts materials. Amphibole is a widely distributed rock-forming mineral.

Common amphibole is one of the most widely distributed rock-forming minerals. Among the igneous rocks, especially neutral rocks, they are the most common and are the most important dark minerals. In acid igneous rocks and syenite, ordinary amphibole is often yellow-green; Yellow-green is predominantly yellow-green in neutral rocks, but there are also brown hornblendes; The mafic and ultramafic rocks are mostly brown hornblende. In regional metamorphism, common hornblende is also produced in large quantities. The color of amphibole in metamorphic rocks is related to the intensity of metamorphism, in general, there are more blue-green hornblendes in the lower metamorphic rocks, while the brownish hornblende is more in the middle and high metamorphic rocks, and the yellow-green hornblende is widely distributed, and it is produced in rocks with different degrees of metamorphism. In regional metamorphism, common hornblende is also produced in large quantities.

Common amphibole is Amphibole group

oup) minerals, the chemical composition is mainly (Ca, Na)2-3(Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+)5[(Al,Si)8O22] (OH)2, which is a double-chain structure of monoclinic crystal system, long columnar almost opaque crystals, its cross-section is a diamond-shaped hexagon, and the aggregate is often granular, needle-like or fibrous. The appearance is greenish-black to black, but the streaks are light grayish-green, with a vitreous luster, and the two sets of cylindrical surfaces are completely cleavaged, with intersecting angles of 124° and 56°, which can be distinguished from the two groups of pyroxene cleavage planes that are almost orthogonal. Mohs hardness 5-6, specific gravity 3.0-3.4. Amphibole is very common in metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks, and is mostly formed by the metamorphism of rocks rich in iron and magnesium minerals, and when the action occurs, substances such as ferrosilicon and magnesium are often added.