In the celebration calendar, there is cloth cloth Bisheng, and it is a letterpress. Its method is engraved with cement, as thin as the lips of money, each word is a seal, and the fire is strong. First, set up an iron plate, on which pine resin wax and paper ash and the like. If you want to print, you will put an iron model on the iron plate, which is densely covered with word prints.

Full iron fan for a board, hold on the fire, medicine slightly, then a flat plate according to its surface, then the word flat as a stone. If you stop printing three or two copies, it is not simple; If tens of thousands of copies are printed, it will be extremely fast. Often made two iron plates, one plate printing, one plate has been self-clothed.

This seal has just been completed, and the second plate has been prepared. It's more interoperable, and it's instantaneous. Each word has a number of prints, such as, also and other words, each word has more than 20 prints, in case there are duplicates in a board. If you don't use it, you will paste it with paper, and each rhyme will be a sticker, and the wooden lattice will be stored. If there are strange words that are unprepared, they will be engraved and burned with grass fire, and they can be made in an instant.

If you don't take wood as it, the wood is dense, and the water is uneven, and it is sticky with medicine, which is not advisable. If you burn the soil, you can melt the medicine with fire and then brush it with your hand, and its seal will fall off by itself, but it will not be stained.

During the Qingli period, a commoner named Bi Sheng invented movable type plates. Its method is to carve words with clay, the character mold is as thin as the edge of a copper coin, each word is engraved with a character mold, and it is burned with fire to make it hard.

First, set up an iron plate, and cover it with pine resin, wax mixed with paper ash and other things. If you want to print, take an iron frame and put it on the iron plate, then arrange the word mold densely in the iron frame, and fill an iron frame to become a printing plate, and take it to the fire to bake; When the medicine on the iron plate melts slightly, take a flat plate and press it on top of the lettering, so that all the letterings on the plate are as flat as whetstones.

If only three or two copies are printed, it cannot be regarded as simple; If you print dozens or even hundreds of copies, it's extremely fast (very fast). When printing, usually make two iron plates, this board is printing, the other board has been in the typesetting mold, this piece of printing has just been printed, the second plate has been ready, the two pieces are used alternately with each other, (with) a very short time can be completed.

Each character has several character impressions (impressions), such as "zhi" and "also", and each character has more than 20 character impressions (impressions), which are used to prepare (guard) against duplicate words in the same version.

When not in use, use paper strips to mark them (use paper strips as labels to classify them), according to the rhyme part of the word, make a label for each rhyme part, and store them with a wooden grid. When encountering rare characters that are not usually prepared (if there are rare words that are not usually prepared), immediately carve it out and grill it with a grass fire, and it will soon be successfully carved.

The reason why you don't use wood to make movable type molds is because the texture of wood is loose and fine, and it will become uneven when it is wet, and it will stick together with the drug, and it cannot be taken off when the board is removed; Unlike the molds fired with mastic, after use, they are roasted with a fire to melt the drug, and if you gently wipe it with your hands, the molds will fall off on their own (fall off on their own), not at all

Movable type printing is an ancient printing method, which was invented by the ancient Chinese working people after a long period of practice and research. First, make a single word of the Yang text reverse text mold, and then according to the manuscript to select the single words, arrange them in the word plate, ink printing, and then remove the word mold after printing, and leave it for the next typesetting to be used again.

The invention of movable type printing was a great technological revolution in the history of printing. During the Qing Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-1048), Bi Sheng (970-1051) of China invented movable type, marking the birth of movable type printing.

He was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years before the German Johannes Gutenberg movable type printing. Wang Zhen of the Yuan Dynasty successfully created wooden movable type and invented wheel typesetting. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, copper movable type was widely used in Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and other places in Jiangsu.

Since the invention of paper in the Han Dynasty, the writing materials have been much lighter and more economical than the oracle bones, slips, gold stones and silk used in the past, but copying books is still very labor-intensive and far from meeting the needs of society. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Xiping period (172-178 AD) at the latest, methods of copying and rubbing stone tablets appeared.

Printing is one of the four great inventions of the Han working people in ancient China. It began with the engraving printing of the Tang Dynasty, and was developed and perfected by Bi Sheng in the era of Song Renzong, resulting in movable type printing. The invention of movable type printing was a great technological revolution in the history of printing.

The method of movable type printing is to first make a single word of the yang text reverse text mold, and then according to the manuscript to select the single words, arrange them in the word plate, ink printing, and then disassemble the word mold after printing, and leave it for the next typesetting to be used again.

The Tang Dynasty invented engraving printing, and it was already widely used in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Although the Song Dynasty invented movable type printing, the Song Dynasty did not use movable type printing widely. The Song Dynasty still commonly used woodblock printing.

In the Song Dynasty of China, a cloth cloth cloth Bi Sheng invented clay type, and the German Gutenberg finally invented lead type. The economical and practical printing of movable type led led to the development of the European publishing industry, as well as the modernization of Europe, which swept the world.

Engraving printing is on a smooth wooden board of a certain thickness, pasted on the copy of the neat manuscript, the thin and almost transparent manuscript paper front and the wooden board are attached, the characters become the reverse body, the strokes are clear and legible. The engraver uses a carving knife to cut off the part of the layout without handwriting, which becomes the yang script with the font convex, which is completely different from the stele yin script with the font recessed.

When printing, ink is applied to the raised font, and then the paper is covered on top of it, and the back of the paper is gently wiped so that the handwriting is left on the paper.

In the Song Dynasty, the engraving printing industry developed to its heyday. Engraving printing has played a major role in the dissemination of culture, but there are also obvious shortcomings: first, engraving is time-consuming, labor-intensive and costly, second, a large number of book plates are inconvenient to store, and third, there are typos that are not easy to correct.

Bi Sheng, a civilian inventor of the Northern Song Dynasty, summed up the rich practical experience of engraving and printing in the past dynasties, and after repeated trials, he made clay movable type in the Qingli period of Song Renzong (1041-1048 AD), implemented typesetting and printing, and completed a major revolution in the history of printing.

Bi Sheng's method is as follows: use cement to make blanks with consistent specifications, engrave anti-body words at one end, and the height of the protrusion of the character is like the thickness of the edge of the copper coin, and it is hardened with fire to become a single cement movable type. In order to meet the needs of typesetting, there are several or even dozens of commonly used words in order to be used when repeated in the same edition. If you encounter an uncommon word, if you are not prepared in advance, you can use it as you go.

In order to facilitate the selection of words, the clay movable type is classified according to the rhyme and placed in the wooden lattice, and the paper strip is pasted to indicate it. When typesetting, a framed iron plate is used as the bottom support, and a layer of agent made of pine resin, wax and paper ash is coated on top, and then the required cement movable type is picked out and arranged into the frame one by one.

Fill a frame to become a version, and then bake it with fire, wait for the agent to melt slightly, use a flat plate to flatten the literally, and after the medicine cools and solidifies, it becomes a version. When printing, as long as the ink is brushed on the plate, covered with paper, and a certain amount of pressure is added.

In order to be able to print continuously, two iron plates are used, one version is brushed, the other is typeset, and the two plates are used alternately. After printing, the potion is roasted with fire, and the movable type can fall off the iron plate with a slight shake of the hand, and then put it back into the original wooden grid according to the rhyme, so as to be used again next time.

Bi Sheng also experimented with movable type printing, but Bi Sheng did not use it because of the uneven texture of the wood, the difficulty of carving, the deformation of the movable type after being wet, and the difficulty of separating it from the agent.

Bi Sheng's clay movable type printing method, if only two or three copies are printed, it is not trouble-free, if hundreds of copies are printed, the work efficiency is extremely considerable, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, but also can greatly improve the speed and quality of printing, which is much superior to engraving printing.

Movable type plate making just avoids the lack of engraving, as long as enough single movable type is prepared in advance, it can be imposed at any time, which greatly accelerates the plate making time. After the movable type plate is printed, it can be disassembled, the movable type can be reused, and the movable type occupies less space than the engraving plate, which is easy to store and keep. In this way, the superiority of movable type is manifested.

Qin Shi Huang unified the national weights and measures, and the edict of the four crosses was printed with a wooden stamp on the pottery, archaeologists believe that "this is the beginning of Chinese movable type printing, but although he has invented it, it has not been widely used." Ancient seals also had a certain enlightening effect on movable type printing.

Although modern letterpress lead printing is incomparable to Bi Sheng's movable type printing in the Song Dynasty in terms of equipment and technical conditions, the basic principles and methods are exactly the same. The invention of movable type printing made a significant contribution to human culture. In the midst of this, the achievements of China's civilian inventor Bi Sheng are indelible.

However, we don't know anything about Bi Sheng's life and deeds, but fortunately, Bi Sheng's deeds of creating movable type printing are relatively completely recorded in the famous work "Mengxi Bi Tan" by Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty.

However, except for a few Buddhist scriptures presumed to be movable type printing in the Western Xia script, no Chinese printed materials with movable type have been found in the Central Plains! (With the following text, "In 1965, the publication "Buddha Says and Views of Amitayus Buddhist Sutra" found in the White Elephant Pagoda in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province has been identified as a movable type version from the Northern Song Dynasty Yuan Fu to Chongning (1100~1103). This is the earliest historical witness of Bisheng's movable type printing technology. "Contradictory. ）

Bi Sheng's invention of clay movable type was the beginning of movable type. Later, it developed tin type, wooden type, copper type, lead type, etc. Among them, wooden movable type had a great influence on later generations, second only to engraving. In ancient Korea, there was iron movable type. Modern lead alloy movable type was created by the German J. Gutenberg in the 50s of the 15th century.

There are four main types of Chinese movable type fonts: Songti, Kai, Imitation Song, and Heiti. And there are long flat deformations, and there are many fonts of different styles such as Lishu, Wei tablet, and art style. Song style is also known as the old Song style, horizontal and straight, neat and clear, easy to identify, good reading effect, the basic words of the body of Chinese books and newspapers, there are three or four kinds of bold and thin fonts, and the Japanese call it "Ming Dynasty style".

The block script is dignified and square, the penmanship and handwriting are similar, there are several different styles of movable type, and it is widely used, and is more used in primary school textbooks and children's books. Imitation Song style is modeled after the Song carved book of the block block design of the movable type, the horizontal and straight strokes are similar in thickness, the horizontal stroke is slightly inclined to the right, beautiful and pleasing to the eye, the body of the book and periodicals, the title, the illustration of the plate, the product packaging advertisement, etc. are applicable. There are two types of fonts: square and elongated.

Heiti, visually the same thickness of horizontal and straight strokes, square thick black, also known as square characters, isolinear characters, fonts also have bold and thin fonts, generally used as titles and key sentences.

The movable type of Chinese ethnic minority languages includes Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, etc., all of which have different fonts. There are Latin, Greek, Russian, Japanese, Arabic, Hindi, Burmese, Thai, etc., all of which are designed in a variety of fonts.

Latin movable type font has the most types, according to different styles, can be divided into Gothic, Roman, no decorative line black (also known as isolinear style), square decorative line black (also known as Egyptian), italic (also known as Italian), handwriting, fine art 7 categories, each category has different styles of fonts, less than ten kinds, more than dozens of kinds, each country has its own usage habits.

On November 15, 2010, "Movable Type Printing" was approved by the Fifth Session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO and inscribed on the 2010 List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.

In November 2010, movable type printing in China was added to UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage in need of urgent safeguarding. The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding includes cultural heritage whose viability is still threatened by the efforts of a community or group.

In order for cultural heritage to be inscribed, the country concerned needs to commit itself to a dedicated conservation programme and potentially receive financial support from a fund administered by UNESCO.

The record of movable type printing was first seen in the famous Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan": in 1041~1048 AD, Bi Sheng, who was born in a commoner, used clay to make characters, one word for a seal, and burned hard with fire to make it pottery.

When typesetting, prepare an iron plate first, relax the mixture of incense, wax, paper ash and so on on the iron plate, the iron plate is surrounded by an iron frame, and the word seal to be printed is placed in the iron frame, and then baked with fire, the mixture is melted, and the movable type block is integrated, and the flat plate is pressed on the movable type while it is hot, so that the word surface is flat, and the printing can be carried out.

In this way, it is not very efficient to print two or three copies, but if there are too many copies, dozens or even thousands of copies, the efficiency is very high. In order to improve efficiency, two iron plates are commonly used, one for printing and one for typesetting.

After printing one piece, the other piece is lined up again, so that it is used alternately, which is very efficient. Commonly used words such as "zhi" and "also" are made into more than 20 words per word in case there is repetition in a version. Unprepared rare words will be released at the right time, and they will be burned immediately with grass and wood fire. The characters removed from the printing plate are put into a small wooden compartment of the same character, and the outside is labeled according to rhyme for easy retrieval.

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