Lan Eucalyptus went to a place called "Baigongfang" in Dongcheng District, Beijing, which is a gathering place for traditional craftsmen in Beijing, where there are many common cloisonné, rabbit and other traditional crafts in Beijing, but there is a shop called "Xing Xing", which is very special, what is the material? It is still a traditional craft in Beijing.

Feeder refers to a vessel or handicraft made of glass raw materials with pigments. Feedware, also known as "glassware", began in China around the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (mid-14th century). The material ware making process is one of the handicraft production processes commonly used in the Ming and Qing dynasties in China (1368~1911 AD). To put it simply, it is glass. It was more popular in the Qing Dynasty. There are feeders, bowls, snuff bottles, etc.

By the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1572~1620 AD), the production of material utensils in the Boshan area of Shandong Province in northern China had been very prosperous and spread to Beijing.

The area of the store is only about 10 square meters, there is a large glass workbench opposite the door, a middle-aged uncle is teaching a young man to "burn glass", the table is full of colorful glass sticks, on which is written the national intangible cultural heritage of Beijing material.

The owner's name is Liu Yu, and he is one of the inheritors of Beijing's feeders. Liu Yu introduced that the material is developed on the basis of the traditional glaze technology, and there have been more than 200 years of traditional crafts, and the same glaze is made of frit crafts, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the material was used by the royal family, but now it is lonely, and it has become a cheap "glass" in the eyes of ordinary people.

Liu Yu said that the production of the material device seems simple, as long as a pair of tweezers and a pair of scissors on the fire to make the melted glass into a variety of shapes, in fact, the more seemingly simple the process, the more the test of the craftsman's skills, he is now teaching young people to make a small fish on the spot, may be able to teach him in 2 hours, but if you want to make a handicraft that can be sold, without 10 years and 8 years of experience accumulation, it is impossible to become a teacher.

The production of the material device depends on the craftsman to play on the spot, there are no drawings and no molds, and even the seemingly simple ingredients are also very particular, and the craftsmen need to think about it in the early stage according to the needs of the work, and equip it in proportion.

There can be no pause in the production process, just like painting a Chinese painting, it must be done in one go, there is no room for modification, and all the processes are completed in the fire. Liu Yu just took out the petals of the small flower in the picture, but because he didn't get the scissors in time, he paused slightly, and the shape of the flower failed and became a waste product.

Liu Yu said that the reason why this shop is called "Xing" is because his mother's surname is Xing, and his mother's name is Xing Lanxiang, who is the representative inheritor of Beijing material, who has been engaged in the production of materialware for more than 50 years, and is well-known in the materialware industry.

His skills are also taught by his mother, the former Beijing material is very brilliant, this hundred workshops are the former Beijing material factory, there used to be more than 800 workers, and now only their mother and son are making this material.

Xing Lanxiang made a deer ornament.

Liu Yu said that his mother is old and her eyes are not very good, and now he is basically in the store to take over the work, but now the feeder market is very sluggish, and there are fewer and fewer people who are willing to learn.

He is now using handicraft experience teaching on the Internet to attract young people to learn, and the tuition fee is also very cheap, about 200 yuan for 2 hours at a time, and you can also take away homemade material works. There are a lot of people who come to experience it, about 100 people a month, but there are very few who really want to study it as a career.

The craftsmanship is very good, the creative shortcomings, as long as it is amazing enough, there will always be young people who will buy it, and middle-aged people will consider more and not necessarily buy.

As for the feeder, there are many girls who like Hanfu and like hair accessories made of the material. Ancient techniques together are a circle, and if one point is destroyed, everything will collapse.

It is made of a glass with a low melting point, mixed with a small amount of lead oxide (PbO) in the glass, and was first introduced to China from the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia, China).

By the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1572~1620 AD), the production of material utensils in the Boshan area of Shandong Province in northern China had been very prosperous and spread to Beijing. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the production of feeders was most famous in Beijing and Boshan, Shandong. Shandong Boshan material ware enjoys the name of "Boshan art glass".

Boshan material ware is famous for imitation jade, agate, coral, etc. In particular, the material carving, which combines practicality and decoration, is extremely exquisite. Its varieties include nearly 1,000 kinds of daily necessities, decorations and jewelry. Beijing material ware is finely crafted, colorful, and breathtaking.

Among them, the imitation jade products can be almost chaotic, and its craftsmanship level has reached the level of exquisiteness. The varieties include more than 1,500 kinds of traditional jewelry, daily decorations and birds, beasts, flowers and fruits, character carvings, etc., which enjoy a high reputation at home and abroad.

Feedware generally refers to utensils or handicrafts made of glazed glass raw materials, and the production of materials in China began around the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.

The material ware is different from glass and glass should be distinguished from the technological process, and the production of material in the Ming and Qing dynasties is most famous in Beijing and Boshan, Shandong. Shandong Boshan material ware enjoys the name of "Boshan art glass".

Boshan material ware is famous for imitation jade, agate, coral, etc., and the modern material generally refers to small objects such as snuff bottles, small animal pieces, etc., which are made of glass as raw materials and inlay, whitewash, calligraphy and painting, rather than beads.

Since 2010, the market price of ordinary feeders has nearly doubled every year. "The editor, who has a soft spot for all kinds of material art, is particularly optimistic about this niche collectible category. Recently, an auction house in Japan announced that it would auction a batch of carved and painted material products in one month, which attracted market attention.

At present, the price of early works in the market has increased by at least 2~3 times. “； Feeder art is still underrated. "The market of ancient materials has begun to rise in recent years, and the market of contemporary materials is also expected to be driven.

Until the Republic of China, the material has always occupied a certain position in the low-end market, indicating that the material has gone through a long history with jade and met the decorative furnishing needs of two different consumer groups.

The characteristics of the feeder are basically similar to that of agate, and there is no slurry and no oiliness of jade, so few people collect the material. However, the market transaction price of the material is relatively low, and if the work is of good age and good condition, it is also an option for the general collector to increase the variety of the collection.

Why is the feeder so concerned now, it is nothing more than two aspects that determine his position.

First, "culture". Because it is believed in Tibetan culture to have the same effect as the purest dzi, that is, it can be blessed by the gods.

Second, "value". That is, he is real, although the materials of the old beads are artificially synthetic, but its affordable price I think is an important aspect of everyone paying attention to him today. Now more and more people are beginning to collect and study him, and more people will also collect and invest in it.

Like glass and glass, the feeder uses a large number of silicates and other metal oxides in nature as raw materials, melts at high temperatures, pulls out various specifications of sticks, and then uses the sticks to soften on the lamp and processed by hand.

Compared with the glaze, the feeder has no bottom tire, and it is an improvised work that the artist completes at one time in the light. Compared with glass, the melting point of the feeder is relatively low, the specific gravity is large, and the color is more and brighter.

China's material production process has a long history. In ancient times, in order to survive and beautify their lives, people mined and made stones of various colors to make production tools and ornaments.

When a satisfactory color and shape cannot be found, the idea of melting the colored stone, casting it into a certain rough shape and then carving it carefully arises. The beautiful Chinese myth "Nuwa mends the sky" is the earliest legend of smelting colorful stones.

In the ancient texts, there is also a record of "selling five stones, casting them into vessels, and sharpening them to produce light". In the burial goods of the ancient tomb of "Zhongshan King" in Shandong more than 2,000 years ago, it was found that there were glass bowls and material beads.

In the Wei and Jin dynasties, according to historical records, there were daily necessities such as glass bowls, urns, inkstones, couches, pillows, screen doors and some door and window decorations. The North and South Koreas suffered from war, suffered serious economic damage, and religion flourished for a time.

In order to show their piety, people built a large number of temples and nunnery, in order to have a quiet and beautiful life in the next life, so a large number of Buddha statues were made to decorate, so that the glaze continued to develop when all industries were in ruin. At that time, the glass was mostly blue and light green.

After the Sui and Tang dynasties unified the world, politics, economy and culture were developed in an all-round way, and the glazed craft was widely developed and applied. In addition to the utensils used in daily life, an important development was the appearance of glazed tiles in architecture, and the colors also increased to emerald green, yellow, purple, etc.

The beautiful and unique "Tang Sancai" is the representative work of the Tang Dynasty glazed handicrafts, which are still loved by the world.

In the first month of the Song Dynasty, the wind of viewing the lanterns prevailed, and the colorful glazed lamps appeared, and there were more than five zhang high glazed lamps in the palace forbidden. In the building, there are glazed bricks and decorative reliefs, which make the buildings and palaces resplendent and give people a sense of majesty and sacredness.

In the same period, there was also a kind of transparent glaze, which was called "glass" by the people of the time, and many such "glass" handicrafts were placed in the palace of Zhao Ji of Huizong of the Song Dynasty.

Beijing, the capital of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, gathered craftsmen and craftsmen with special crafts from all over the country, and gradually became the main production area of materials. The production of material ware in Beijing began in the Yuan Dynasty and gradually developed from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.

The capital of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing), in the area of the glaze factory outside the Peace Gate, many glazed workshops have been established, to prepare materials for the construction of the imperial palace, the "Nine Dragon Wall" in the Beihai Park that has been preserved to this day, the body is vivid, lifelike, fully expresses the superb skills of the artists of the Yuan Dynasty, and still attracts tourists at home and abroad.

In previous periods, there was a simple difference between glass and "glass", that is, the transparent one was "glass", and the opaque one was glass. The so-called "glass" is different from today's glass, which is actually today's feeder.

It can be said that the occurrence and development of the material is inseparable from the development of the glaze, and it is the redevelopment of the glaze process. After the appearance of the material, it is a precious handicraft, in addition to the palace to enjoy, only a few royal relatives, wealthy and wealthy can enjoy.

In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing continued to develop, and folk toys that could be appreciated and had practical value appeared. According to the record of "Dijing Scenery and Things", "the lantern is opened to the sunset, the lamp burns the ball, and the filament is sandwiched with painting, stacked ink, etc.", it can be seen that on the lantern festival on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in Beijing, there are not only the lamps of the round ball, but also the filament lamps of many painted figures, flowers and birds, and landscapes, which attract a large number of lantern viewers every year.

In addition, the factory outside the Peace Gate in Beijing and the Baita Temple in Xicheng sell fish tanks during festivals. People use it to "hold the vermilion fish, turn to the side of its shadow, the size of the Russian suddenly", very good-looking. There are also children's toys that can "shh and suck", which are deeply loved by children and teenagers.

During the Han and Wei dynasties, the state-owned merchants of the Dayue clan were able to mine and burn and cast glaze. Book of Wei. The Biography of the Great Moon Clan contains: "Its countrymen and merchants are Jingshi, and they can cast stones from Yunneng for five-color glaze. So he mined the mountains and cast them in Beijing.

That is, the luster is beautiful in the West, since then, the Chinese glaze is cheap, people no longer cherish. "To the Tang Dynasty," which is used in today's customs, is all smelted stone juice, added with many medicines, and poured into it. Since then, glass has also been called "medicinal jade", "jar jade", and "jar jade".

"Gegu Yao" cloud: "Jar jade, snow-white jar jade is used in the north to burn in the jar, if there is no air eye, it is similar to real jade." In the Ming Dynasty, there was a person who called it a material: "Take the cooking material as the silk and use the silk as a vessel." ”

The name of the material vessel has been used so far in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the production of material utensils in Boshan, Shandong Province has been very prosperous and prosperous, and spread to Beijing. In the Ming Dynasty, the material made by Boshan in Shandong Province was the best, with high transparency and crystal luster.

"Qingzhou Mansion Chronicles" introduced: "glazed ware, out of Yanshen Town (now Boshan, Shandong), with native horse teeth, purple stone-based, the method of yellow dan, white lead, patina, coke cut into beads, wear the light screen, chess game, tent hook, pillow top class, bright and lovely.

The origin of the material ware, according to legend, when the material ware was first introduced to China, because the porcelain was very developed, the material ware was only circulated in a small amount among the people. Later, Emperor Kangxi visited the south and accidentally found this colorful and exquisite handicraft in the hands of roadside vendors, and loved it very much. So when he returned to Beijing, Emperor Kangxi specially looked for someone to specialize in the production of materials for the imperial palace, and the materials gradually rose.

There are three categories of feeders, namely material animals, material flowers and material beads. As the name suggests, the material beast is the animal-shaped material device, and the material flower is the flower, which looks big and beautiful, but in fact, the technical content is the most entry-level, because it is assembled with some very simple material pieces, and the material beads are mainly like the matching pearls on the official uniform.

Because the material is characterized by bright colors, animals are the most common material motif. Such as the four major Chinese mythical beasts, many of the zodiac signs represent blessed animals such as bats, etc.

It seems very simple to make a material device, but it takes decades of skill to make a fine product, using the techniques of pinching, pulling, picking, and cutting to shape, and melting different colors of material sticks to make patterns, without a little hesitation and mistakes. In addition, after the material is finished, it should be placed on a plate filled with grit and let it cool.

The material is a traditional Chinese culture, on which there is the pouring of the blood and tears of craftsmen and the cultural accumulation of generations of Chinese people, which needs to be protected; Take care of it and make it the pride of our nation. Take a look at the latest chapters of "Dream Claw Book House in the Great Era" and read it for free for the first time.