After taking it out of the furnace, it is constantly rotated and shaped, and the temperature of the glass taken out of the furnace is high, and the softness of the glass melting is mastered, and it will be formed in a few seconds.

In the modeling process, the masters need to use the blow pipe in their hands to blow to ensure the shape of the glass, because the scale is difficult to grasp, so the yield is extremely low.

After the glass is formed, the masters should put the fired glass into the insulation kiln, more than 500 degrees, keep warm for 4 days, if the glass bottle body does not burst, it means that the glass has been dewarmed and formed.

The first step is creative design: the idea is expressed through graphic design artwork.

The second step, prototyping: sculpting a diorama according to the artwork.

The third step is to make a silicone mold: evenly apply silicone on the surface of the model, and after the silica gel solidifies into a silicone mold, gypsum is still needed to fix it.

The fourth step is to fill the wax mold: prepare the wax paste, pour the hot melted wax into the silica gel negative mold, and wait for it to be naturally cold cut.

The fifth step is to remove the wax mold: remove the cold-cut wax mold from the silicone plaster mold.

In the sixth step, the cold cutting is easy to shrink and deform the wax mold, and the mold line traces left when the mold is removed can be carefully trimmed with tools.

The seventh step, gypsum mold: prepare the correct proportion of refractory gypsum, outside the modified wax mold, pour and embed, that is, into a wax-containing gypsum mold.

The eighth step, steam dewaxing: the entire wax-containing gypsum is placed in the dewaxing machine and heated with steam, and the refractory gypsum negative mold is dewaxed.

Step 9, selection of raw materials: In order to accurately control the proportion of various colors and the beauty of flow, it is necessary to select glass raw materials of specific colors and sizes according to the shape and design, and arrange the distribution of color blocks.

The tenth step, sintering into the furnace: after the mold is cleaned and dusted, the entire gypsum mold and the configured frit are put into the furnace and slowly heated, so that the crystal glass softened by hot melt such as maltose slowly flows into the gypsum mold for molding.

Step 11, Gypsum Mold: Remove the Plaster Mold and take out the cold cut glass rough embryo.

The twelfth step, cutting and repairing: cutting and repairing the excess glass on the grouting port part of the glass rough embryo.

The thirteenth step, coarse mold and fine mold: use coarse and fine grinding to smooth the pouring mouth of the crystal glass.

The fourteenth step, cold work: carefully carved with diamond nibs and other tools, so that the surface of the work appears more uniform and detailed.

Step 15, signature and packaging: sign and sign after confirming the completeness of the work.

One of the "Seven Treasures" of glazed Buddhism, it is a spiritual object to eliminate diseases and avoid evil.

In Buddhism, glass is a spiritual object that eliminates illness and avoids evil. There are three kinds of blessings that can be obtained by placing or wearing glass:

1) Dispelling diseases: Practitioners believe that glass is the incarnation of Medicine Buddha, which can eliminate diseases and drive away evil spirits, so that people can obtain the blessings of health.

2) Perseverance: Because of the difficulty of firing, Buddhism believes that glass can make people feel the difficulty of refining the truth, and obtain the power of tenacity.

3) Inspiration: Brilliant colors, changing magnificence, giving people artistic beauty and imagination space, giving people inspiration and wisdom.

"Medicine Master Liuli Light Rulai Wish Merit Sutra": "May when I attain Bodhi in the next life, my body will be like glass, clear inside and out, pure and flawless." "In a sense, glass is a symbol of personality, a spirit, and a realm. The clear glass entrusts people's good wishes.

Compared to the other six treasures of Buddhism, glaze is supposed to be a natural gemstone, and it is very likely to be tourmaline.

"Hui Lin Yinyi" Volume 1: "The south of Mount Meru is this treasure. Its treasure is blue, clear and bright, everything is close to the same color, the emperor is this treasure, born gods, not the world refining stone, fireworks into glass also. "In many Buddhisms, Mount Meru is described as being surrounded by the Aral Sea, and there are four continents and eight small continents on the sea, so according to the geographical location, there should be volcanoes on the sea around the origin of the glaze. Buddhism arose in ancient India in the 6th century B.C., very close to Persia, and a major source of tourmaline happened to be here, and they were all located in the Indian Peninsula, and the sea around the Indian Peninsula was indeed volcanic. And the original stone of tourmaline is indeed like the description of "its treasure blue, clear and bright", to be "close" to have "all the same color". Why did not later unify the name of tourmaline and glaze, it is likely that it was found that tourmaline is a natural gemstone and ancient Chinese glaze, although the color and appearance are the same, but the physical properties are completely different, and the correct name will also reduce the dignity of this gemstone, only after the Qing Dynasty there is a tourmaline name, and it is also used for headdress beads more, and the "emperor sideburns beads" are used in the same way. Other gemstones, although also in a variety of colors, are rarely used in this way.

Glass is the name of glass in ancient China, is a narrow glass statement, now glass generally refers to the addition of a variety of oxide fired into colored glass works, whether it is optical glass, flat glass, crystal glass, or borax glass and other materials to create works, are commonly known as glass artwork, it can be seen that glass is only a type of glass, its scope is far smaller than glass.

The material of the glass is artificial crystal glass. Its characteristic is that it has a high refractive index of light, so it can present a crystal clear effect, and with the cooperation of light, it can fully express its artistic characteristics. As a glass is not only a work of art but also a religious object, and the works made by the casting process are expressive, rich, delicate and delicate, especially the flow of color is unpredictable, or passionate, or subtle, each piece is different.

Appreciating the light and shadow effects, especially the refraction of light from different angles and colors, can present a three-dimensional visual effect.

Appreciate the natural flow of colors and feel the pure beauty of the glass "breathing".

The permeability of the glass should not be too pure and too bright, and there must be a certain level and the difference in finish, otherwise it will lose its dynamic vitality.

Feel the beauty of the artistic conception brought by the combination of overall shape and color, beauty and creative ideas.

From the perspective of craftsmanship, appreciate the national culture (non-folklore) and structural characteristics contained in the glaze.

The ancient process determines that there are no two exactly the same glass in the world, the so-called "heavenly self-made" is the singleness of the glass product, carefully taste the color flow of different glass, you will find different artistic conceptions.

The history of glass manufacturing in ancient China can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, but at that time people called it glaze. It wasn't until glass from Western countries was introduced to China that it was called glass. Western glass is composed of soda-lime, while Chinese glass contains lead and barium. By the Han Dynasty, the production level of glaze was quite mature. However, the smelting technology was in the hands of the royal family and nobles, and it has been kept secret. Because it was difficult for the people to obtain, people at that time regarded colored glass as even more precious than jade.

Liuli has such a long history of development in China, but why do so few people know about it?

There are actually many people who know glass, especially in ancient times, glass as a special material, like apricot yellow and dragon pattern, belongs to the royal family. At the beginning, only the real royal family could use glazed products, and the manufacturing process of glaze was also controlled by royal craftsmen.

Because of the discoverer of the glaze, that is, Fan Li's reason, in the eyes of the ancestors, people believe that the glaze and the crystal, have the same memory and inheritance functions, more importantly, the glaze can bless the owner of "the home is to the daughter, the official is to the prime minister".

About in the Yuan Dynasty, with the emergence of artificial faults in Han culture, many skills of the Han royal family were also lost, and the glaze was among them, so in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the glaze was only in myths and legends, you must have seen "Journey to the West", Sha Seng was originally the general of the heavenly palace, wasn't it because he broke a glass cup and was demoted. In Stephen Chow's words, breaking a wine glass will be degraded, and it is enough to be a fairy and make it like this. But from here we can also see the preciousness of glass.

The key to appreciating glass: 1. Glass is completely different from crystal and glass

What is the difference between glass and crystal (Western crystal glass).

A. There is a clear distinction in the history books

There is a similar record in the Diamond Sutra. In all the Buddhist scriptures in China, the first five categories of the Seven Treasures of Buddhism are recognized, namely gold, silver, glass, and clams* a mollusk* agate, and the latter two categories are said to be crystal, amber, glass, and so on, which shows that glass is recognized as a Buddhist treasure; Glass is very different from crystal and glass.

B. The chemical composition is different

The main component of natural crystal, glass and glass is silica

The contemporary national monograph "Research on Ancient Chinese Glass" records that the proportion of silica in ancient Egypt "Fians" (that is, the ancestor of Western crystal glass) is 92% (impermeable) -99%, and the proportion of silica in the glaze of the Zhou Dynasty in China is only slightly greater than 90% (transparent). This 9% difference is the biggest difference between glass and crystal.

C. Detailed explanation of ingredients

Ancient glaze is made of glazed stone and glazed mother, glazed stone is a colored crystal material, the main ingredient should be silica-based, glazed mother is a natural and artificially refined ancient formula, can change the structure and physical characteristics of the crystal, in the shape, color and transparency are obviously different.

The medicinal jade of the Ming Dynasty should be a little different in the formula of the glazed mother, so the color of the medicinal jade of the Ming Dynasty is less variable and not transparent.

The grade of the glaze actually depends on the raw materials and preparation methods of the glaze mother, which is a secret that has not been passed down since ancient times, and it is precisely because of the existence of the glaze mother that the ancient Chinese glaze and the crystal and even the Western crystal glass "Fians" have a 9% difference in composition.

The so-called glaze beckons wealth and keeps peace, which has a lot to do with the glazed mother;

Types of glaze: Class A: ancient glaze, made of "glazed stone" and "glazed mother".

A kind of colored crystal material, "Heavenly Creations, Pearls and Jade": Where glazed stone is the same as that of Chinese water essence and Zhancheng fire...... Its stone has five colors...... This Qiankun creation looms on the easy ground. Natural glazed stone is becoming increasingly scarce and is particularly precious.

An ancient formula extracted from nature and artificially refined, which can change the structure and physical properties of crystal, so that it can be significantly improved in shape, color and transparency. "Qianwei Mountain Industry Talk" contains: Those who serve the Chenku are also treasured by their ancestors...... The mother of the glass, if the money of today is sparse, the size of the block is the fist...... It is also called the real temple and the court...... But it can be made in the shape of a kezi, blue, red, yellow and white with the color, and it is not necessary to refrain from it;

Category B: Taiwanese glaze, evolved from Western glass art. The craft is derived from [pate-de-verre] and originated from the ancient Egyptian "Fianse" craft. The analysis results of "Research on Ancient Chinese Colored Glass" show that the proportion of silica in "Fians" is 92%-99%, which is obviously different from the glaze in the Zhou Dynasty in China. However, due to the similarity of the two forms, some people call it Western glass;

Class C: water glaze, a common imitation of glaze, made of unsaturated resin material, is characterized by light weight, knocking on the sound of gold and stone without glaze, and easy to discolor, turbidity, no collection value, but the price is very low;

Production process: the production process of ancient glaze is quite complex, fire to come, water to go, to dozens of processes to complete, the production of ancient glaze, quite time-consuming, some light production process will take more than ten or twenty days, and mainly rely on handmade. It is quite difficult to grasp each link, and the difficulty of grasping the heat can be said to be half by skill and half by luck.

Only one of the products is baked, and the yield rate is only 70%. What's more, the ancient method of glass is not recyclable, unlike gold and silver products, that is to say, once there is a little problem, dozens of days, dozens of processes, how many people's efforts will be immediately in vain;

Due to the special process and complex production process of glass, the gloss of glass is inherently not as bright as glass and crystal. However, it may be precisely because of this that the glass is destined to carry a heavy culture and become a cultural product.

The bubbles in the glaze are naturally formed during the calcination of the glazed raw materials, and they are present in every piece. In the eyes of people who love glass, glass is not only a product, but also a living thing, and these bubbles seem to indicate that glass is breathing. And these bubbles also make the glass more expressive, and it can shine dazzlingly under the illumination of the light.

The hardness of colored glass is relatively strong, which is equivalent to the strength of nephrite. But it's also brittle, so you can't slap or bump it hard.

Chinese glazed art has a long history, the earliest in the Shang and Zhou dynasties have been recorded, according to research, especially about the legend of "Xi Shi tears", its origin is about three years of King Jing of Zhou (three years of King Goujian of Yue), according to the general history of China, this age should be 493 BC. In the Tang Dynasty, Wei Yingwu's "Song of Colored Glass" described that "color is the same as ice, and nothing is separated from the dust" conveys the dazzling and attractive style of the glass.

There are a large number of low-priced "water glass" products on the market, in fact, this is a "imitation glass" products, not real glass, only because of the deliberate behavior of the merchant and the misunderstanding of consumers, there will be "water glass". In the dialect habits of most parts of China, "parallel goods" means "fake" or "imitation", so the real meaning of water glass is "fake glass". Water glaze is a resin product made of transparent resin glue and pigment, which is characterized by low cost, low technical content, simple process and easy mass production, and the difference between glaze is mainly in:

The low refractive index of resin causes the texture of the product to be different, and the water glass lacks the crystal feeling of lead crystal glass.

The weight difference is that the weight of water glass is about 30% of that of glass.

Water glaze is easy to age, and the color is unstable.

Identification characteristics of "water glass":

The material of "water glass" is resin, crystal glue and other chemical raw materials, similar to transparent plastics, and its characteristics are:

A. Color: obvious chemical pigments, the same as plastic products.

B, density: equivalent to plastic, far lighter than the real glass, businesses often combine water glass with a large number of metal accessories, in order to cause confusion in weight, there are some bad businesses to deceive consumers, often at the bottom of water glass products, hidden lead and other heavy objects, in order to create the illusion of "real glass", consumers only need to carefully identify can be recognized.

C. Sound: the same as plastic products.

D. Transparency: obviously turbid and impermeable

E. Storage time: After one to two years, it will begin to fade, and the transparency will be different. In layman's terms: the longer it lasts, the more plastic it resembles.

Identification characteristics of ancient glaze:

A. Color: Crystal and glass have different colors, but all are mainly pure colors, and they will burst or be turbid after mixing. Only the ancient method of glaze can be mixed with a variety of colors, and it is as transparent as before.

B. Density: The density of ancient glass is significantly higher than that of glass, slightly higher than that of crystal, and it feels smooth.

C. Sound: Gently tapping the ancient glass will have a metallic sound.

D. Transparency: between glass and crystal, there are occasionally a small number of bubbles produced during the firing flow process.

E, preservation time: indefinite, from the material point of view, the ancient glaze will never change color, from the Han King Liu Sheng tomb unearthed from the ancient glazed ear cup is still as new as new, clear as before.

The price of water glass is not particularly expensive, those 100-200 are hundreds of times the cost price; The cost price of ancient glaze is very high, and the fine products are collectible.

Generally, the raw material of glass is fired at a high temperature at °C, and the air contained in the glass has surfaced in the liquid state, so there is little or no bubbles. However, most of the cast glazed artworks are fired at a low temperature of 850 °C, the hot glass paste flows slowly, and the air between the glass blocks naturally forms bubbles because they cannot rise to the surface.

Because the hardness of colored glass is relatively strong, it is equivalent to the strength of nephrite. But it is also relatively brittle, can not be slapped or collided hard, so we have a glass work, pay attention to its maintenance, maintenance should pay attention to the following matters:

1. Do not collide or rub to avoid surface scratches.

2. Keep it at room temperature, the real-time temperature difference should not be too large, especially not to heat or cool it by yourself.

3. The plane is smooth, not directly placed on the desktop, and it is best to have a gasket.

4. It is advisable to wipe with pure water, if tap water is used, it needs to stand for more than 12 hours to maintain the gloss and cleanliness of the surface of the glass, and must not be stained with oil stains and foreign objects.

5. Avoid contact with sulfur gas, chlorine, etc.

Glass uses

1. The surface bonding of glass and glass and metal can be made with UV glue (shadowless glue), which can be irradiated with ultraviolet lamp at the same time to speed up curing.

2. Transparent AB glue can be used for the flat bonding of glass and wood.

3. Transparent neutral silicone can be used for the plane bonding between glass and stone.

4. The glass can also be fixed to other objects by punching expansion screws (decorative nails).