Stepping on thousands of doors to be with people, the longbow is still in hand, and the felt is hard to find.

"I'm going to run to that far away and bring you back to my yurt. Graze cattle and sheep with me, sing indulgently on the steppe...."In Mongolian folk songs, the yurt is a place where a good life blooms.

Felt is a symbol of nomadism.

Between the vertical and horizontal loess ravines, it is located in the mountain bay. A H mountain beam, several small miles of mud, is a village. The newspaper paste wall and wool felt paved kang in the house are the standard home style of the farmers in the courtyard. Earlier, the barren families were either exposed or laid with a bamboo mat. Being able to spread bamboo mats and wool felt on the earthen kang is definitely a sign of wealth.

Longzhong is not a pastoral area, but sheep farming is common. Here are the number of nomadic and agrarian civilizations in China

Make a yurt room. The combination of clay kang and wool felt, the meeting place of thousands of years. The wool felt is spread here to the point that it has been cultivated to resist, and there is no meaning of the integration of wool felt and nomadism in the early sea of Longzhong as the grass. Luxury chase

"The resident officials beat iron twice, and the wool was rolled out three times and the rent was rolled out.

I begged to be able to give birth to the felt-craftsman profession.

Changhe Town is a relatively closed township with slippery wine. There is a bottle of wine at one end of the place. It is connected to Gangu at one end, and the only major highway is only a county-level road. But there are a lot of craftsmen here. Jianping Village, where the felt craftsman Chang Mingshan is located, is close to the town government and used to be a village where felt craftsmen gathered.

From the beginning of the town government, old farmers dressed in old clothes on the side of the road enthusiastically pointed to the village road of the Fuhe River, "There are drillers in Jianping, and the whole village of Tashan Society in Jianping Village can do stations." ”

Along the river, it is a narrow river. The village road sometimes follows the roots of the mountain, sometimes crosses the river, passing several villages in succession, and it is difficult to determine which one is Jianping Village. I asked people many times, and I arrived in Jianping Village.

The sun shines brightly. The village has just finished a funeral, and the village has a showdown under the sun and is irresistible.

"This is Jianping, but I really don't know who will make felt." A 40-year-old middle-aged man stood on top of the mulch: his face was blank in the middle of the ground.

The owner of a motorcycle repair shop on the side of the road thought for a long time and said with certainty, "Chang Mingshan is a felt maker, Chang Mingshan is an old man who has made felt and is still alive, and everything else is basically gone." ”

Chang Mingshan's home is on the side of the road. He lived in an old house, and the courtyard where the old house was located was oppressed by his son's new architecture, and the passage was cramped. Chang Mingshan wears a white hat, his beard is close to a foot, his eyes are like a torch, and his spirit is strong. He was printing dead coins in the hall, and it seemed that a ritual was about to be held in his home. He was very polite to the visitor and gave way to the cigarette.

"I've been a feltmaker for almost 30 years."

Chang Mingshan's son picked off the dust and lifted a big bow from the back room to play cotton, which is the only sign of Chang Mingshan's felt-crafting profession. Chang Mingshan and his son raised the big bow together and did a demonstration action.

Chang Mingshan, who is in his 80s, has a straight back, a fluttering beard, and a transcendent backbone.

The dust has bounced off, and the wool has turned white and deformed. According to the size of the felt, spread the wool on the front of the bamboo, and beat it with a bamboo handle while laying it, so that the wool is evenly distributed as much as possible. "The wind is European and the horsetail is ten thousand lines, and the wool meets the water and is a felt." At this time, while spreading the wool, I also asked for alcohol. The water can not be sprinkled wet, nor too dry, to master the dry humidity, the bamboo rake is repeatedly beaten, and the wool falls smoothly on the bamboo curtain.

The laid wool should be rolled into the next process. Roll up the bamboo curtain and wrap it in wool. Tie the bamboo curtain tightly, pour hot water, and roll back and forth under your feet for nearly an hour, and the wool is fully bonded in the bamboo curtain. Spread out the bamboo curtains, the felt that has begun to take shape is inevitably uneven in some places, and the edge is not straight enough. At this time, it is necessary to fill in the gaps carefully. Strive to have a thin and thick felt surface, and the felt edge is neat and uniform. Roll the bamboo curtain tightly, start sprinkling boiling water, and continue to roll back and forth for an hour, and the felt will be formed.

Rolling felt is like making sushi, more like rolling noodles, so making felt is also called rolling felt.

The formed felt needs to be washed repeatedly.

The length of the right, and then roll it up, and the hair is taken out of the bamboo market by the two people stepping on the foot.

Water, you can clean the impurities in the felt and then squeeze the felt edge with a manual building. The edge of the felt can not be cut with scissors, it can only be cleaned, and the four sides of the felt are still not very clean, so that it is neat. Repeated hydraulic cleaning. The combination of felt needs to be stronger according to the ruler. Put an inch once an hour to flatten the corners.

It is a very critical process, and it is also a process that reflects the difficulty of craftsmanship. It can only be kneaded by hand. This is a grip, and it is difficult to turn the uneven felt edge into a neat line. There is no deep person who has a temperament for wool to finish washing, and the flat felt on all sides is put on and dried, and it can be used when it is dry.

Flour. Sprinkling powder is nothing more than cutting corners - reducing the number of coiled drills. Chang Mingshan said that he had never done this, "I want to bracket the back of the book, it is a contribution." Chang Mingshan came up with a way to suck the oil retention in the mouth to the store, and then wash it repeatedly with boiling water, "the washed felt is white and comfortable."

Step on the door of the house, and treat people and things with moderation

Chang Mingshan's felt rolling is not a workshop-style production, he, like many craftsmen in Longzhong, is to take the way of going to the wide range of arts to carry out services.

It is selected in spring and autumn to make felt, when farmers are more leisurely, and the climate is more suitable. To make felt, you have to deal with water, and the weather is too cold to freeze your hands and feet. After playing wool with his father for two years, Chang Mingshan became a teacher. Since then, he has led a few people every year, carrying a longbow over mountains and mountains, and going from village to village to find people who need to make felt. His footprints have traveled to many counties in Longxi, Huining and other counties in Longzhong.

Making felt is usually the felt craftsman comes to a village, by a family to support the case, other villagers contact each other with wool to process, the family will become the felt craftsman's temporary workshop, but also the temporary home felt craftsman to make felt, who will give the felt maker to take care of the food. The person who supports the case provides the venue and supplies the person to make it unpalatable, so if you don't like to eat and eat less, it's okay. Some people drink it very often. This is the bad problem that some people do not change from agricultural cooperatives, go out to make felt, have to ask for leave, and do not get rid of bad problems, and a part of the money they earn must be handed over to the production team in exchange for rations. Later, the labor force of the production team ate clothes and died. Chang Mingshan was invited to the commune by the F Department of the local commune, and Chang Mingshan secretly went out to perform. On September 9, he was working in Longxi, "and the brigade was not allowed to go out."

He did not have a letter of introduction on him, and the branch secretary of the commune came to the commune on an errand and recognized him. This ministry forbade him to move, limited to the free day, closed the time, and he had worked in the village where the ministry secretary was located. The secretary of the Ministry of Education came forward to prove that the Commune released him.

"People ask me, 'Are you a big craftsman?' I said, my craftsman is not big, as long as you dare me to do it, I dare to do it for you. You have to look at the results, you can't trust everything I say. I myself say that I can't do it at the top. Some people even told me to try it. "Chang Mingshan does not brag about his art, he relies on sincerity.

Chang Mingshan has been performing art in Huining for more than ten years. The felt made by Chang Mingshan has broken a hole, which has been cleaned with amplified water, and can no longer be repaired. The apprentice said, "I'm dead, what should I do?"

The victim is a cadre from the township.

Chang Mingshan is thinking of a remedy. The subject came to see the felt. "Chang Dad, my felt is not rotten, is it?" The victim saw the hole. "No, I'm making a mold, and you'll see when it's done.

When it got dark, Chang Mingshan and his apprentices hurriedly made up for the teaching. method of bonding. Washed felt can no longer be remedied. People, this felt doesn't need money.

Chang Mingshan said, put it up, tell the truth to put the wool on it, and the dead words will not appropriately reduce the processing costs generated by the people making felt, water, and suffering. When the driller leaves, it is more about human touch. There are cases and all materials, and such transactions reflect not all the price

The human affection between people has the human affection between the case and the feltmaker. There is also an alternative humanity.

Favor is a sign of friendship, but favor oil letter steals oil, and feltmaker steals hair. Chang Mingshan said that he never stole wool at the beginning, but later gradually acquiesced to the unspoken rules in the industry, using the opportunity of wrapping the bow one by one, each household 'embezzled' a little wool, and over time it can also save a piece of felt.

The most glorious era of Changmingshan felt was in the 1960s and 1970s. A piece of felt ~ generally needs 10 catties of wool, a catty of wool to charge a five-corner or hexagonal processing fee, the processing of strip felt is five or six yuan. The strip felt is made by three people, and it takes one day to complete it as fast as it and two days as slow as it takes. "The feltmaker's income is not high, but stepping on thousands of doors can fill your stomach."

In difficult times, it was the pursuit of farmers to have enough to eat. The folk customs of Longzhong, their own days are a little tighter on weekdays, but the guests at home always have to make something delicious, one to reflect friendliness, and the other to give themselves a long face.

When Chang Mingshan was learning art, while teaching him the skills of a master who walked with his father, he emphasized a principle of walking art: the owner eats whatever he wants, and he must not have emotions, let alone dislike it. At first, Chang Mingshan comprehended the deep meaning, but then he had an experience when he took his apprentice to the art after leaving the school, which made him understand the master's teachings.

Once, a family mainly cooked potatoes for the felter, and the apprentice was very reluctant. Chang Mingshan quietly reprimanded his apprentice.

Speaking of this 30 years later, Chang Mingshan still sighed: "People should be considerate of other people's difficulties. Cooking foreign hands must be more difficult at home, because people in difficulty don't have good food, why ask people to make delicious food for you. ”

Chang Mingshan summed up his experience, the key to living is to have good food at home, and no matter how good it is to eat in other people's homes, it is useless. Ordinary people's rice noodles, + ordinary people's practices. Some people make delicious food, and some play wool bows.

The next day, Senbu came to see the felt again. Chang Mingshan told the truth, "Your felt is well washed and very white, but there is a hole, this is my business, not your business." There is no processing fee for this felt. ”

The cadre's father was deeply moved when he learned about it. ran to Chang Mingshan and said: "Okay, Uncle Chang, most people won't tell me, if you can tell me, it means that you are an honest person."

When Chang Mingshan finally left, the cadres and his father forced the processing fee into Chang Mingshan's pocket. Chang Mingshan felt unsteady.

In the second year, Chang Mingshan went to the village where the cadre was located, and the cadre's father rushed to support the case, "His father of the Chang family is sincere." The felt is rotten, but the man is not rotten. ”

The good impression of honesty spreads tenten, and Changmingsan is more popular in Huining than before.

I'm dead, I can't enter the village, poor thing!" Chang Mingshan smoked a hookah while turning the topic to death, starting with the interview, this is the fourth time he has smoked a hookah.

"For a lifetime, you can eat it in your mouth and eat it quickly, and people are very fake. Three or four hundred people in the village burned paper, and the life was good. Chang Mingshan blew off the cigarette, stroked his beard with a smile, and spoke slowly and logically. A few years ago, when the old branch secretary died, only one person did not shed tears. The old branch secretary and accountant are all good people, and there are no such good people in the village. On the day of the burial, the people from the township government came. Some people say that the old branch secretary has killed the township government.

The ground of the old house in Changmingshan is loose and expresses the loneliness of few people. The large seal of the "Hades Bank" on the square table is engraved with the face value of "100,000 yuan", and a thick pile of dark coins has been placed in the bamboo basket, and there is a thick pile of cut paper embryos next to the table. He was to pay tribute to the souls of the dead with a sufficient denomination of dead coins.

"In the early 80s, there were fewer sheep farmers and less wool. The wages of the laborers have been raised. There is no market for rolled felt, and it is impossible to continue to do it.

From the fifties and sixties of the last century to the early nineties of the last century, the income of the felt has increased, but compared with other industries, the growth rate is still slow. Chang Mingshan weighed the pros and cons and decided to stop.

In Jianping Village, the entire village of felt makers has closed down.

It has been 26 years since I stopped rolling felt in 1990 and was interviewed in 2016. The daily income of a craftsman has also risen from a few yuan 26 years ago to more than 100.

In the market town of Changhe Town, colorful bedding is dumped. On the soil kang in Longzhong, the sheets and quilts of chemical fiber materials have long been covered, the young daughters-in-law have long forgotten the monotonous wool felt, only the elderly still remember the wool texture is rough, and the body is lying down like a massage like a comfortable half-hair, their needs are still worried about reporters, the wool felt strip pressed by the machine is only 100, and the table is covered with a large color of chemical fiber fabric, and it is difficult for the old people to see the specific quality of the felt.

"People are obedient, and when something goes wrong, they are clear, and everyone is there. A word before a person, a stove of incense before the Buddha. Stepping on thousands of doors, you have to maintain a good relationship with people, and if you mess up, you can't go again. ”

Craftsmanship is the accumulation of practice. Even if you are a master, there are times when you fail. The improvement of craftsmanship can only be achieved through continuous artistic creation. Honesty wins opportunities, and honesty corrects mistakes. Handmade products are supposed to be Eslite.

When a good man died, everyone regretted that the person in the village who had just died was the accountant of the production brigade in the past commune era.

"People are working in the ground, and suddenly they can't do it, and they tell the people next to them that I'm uncomfortable, and it's over. On the ground, "handmade wool words, two people must be busy until Sunday, not counting the price of wool, just say labor, at least 500 yuan. I can't do it, and no one has done it. As a feltmaker, Chang Mingshan is silent about the quality of machine-made felts.

Chang Mingshan broke into the world in the ravines and ravines of Longzhong, and the creed he adhered to was "do anything, don't offend people, and it will be reflected when it is critical." ”

Establish a good relationship with the people who support the case, and the production efficiency is very obvious. "A village household can do 40 felts in a month. If three or four households support the case, they can only have 1,200 felts. Move less cases, talk more. Move more cases, less work. ”

A one-time walk. It's an exchange. The time of the big line country is set for generations, and the people who drill this rice to a branch case, the people who ask to make felt, and the people who watch the heat and leisure, everyone is like an old acquaintance.

Driller's three-piece room: "Bullet number, bamboo phase, bamboo handle, Changmingshan and Huining people have established a good cooperative relationship, only brought back their big 190 years, Changmingshan in the spring after the completion of the art, farming ditch in the village. He and the village branch case

Bow. He put the bamboo curtain and the people agreed: the year is completed in the planting ditch and the next year will continue to roll the felt. Cheng's last bamboo put on a piece called a felt, but it was also his Chang Mingshan who was no longer able to hall the bamboo curtain forever and his craftsmanship was far away. The last felt of the end. The land of Upper Huining. Take a look at the latest chapters of "Dream Claw Book House in the Great Era" and read it for free for the first time.