This time, too, she didn't open her mouth, why was she so sure she did it herself. ........... Barons, viscounts, counts, marquises, dukes

The British 5th class nobleman called the earl "a truly believable and lovely companion." ”

In the Anglo-Saxon era, the word baron existed, but there was no baronial title, and the meaning of the word was uncertain. It seems to have the meaning of "freeman" or "servant of the king", but it has no meaning of honor. English barons appeared in the 11th century. By the beginning of the 12th century, most of the king's high-ranking secular nobles were made barons. Among them, a few who were close to the royal family and had more fiefs were also called "archbarons", and their status was between earls and barons. Soon, the archbarons were divided, the barons were divided, the illustrious were promoted, the prominent barons were divided, the illustrious were promoted to the earls, and the rest were equal to the ordinary barons. Because of the high proportion of barons among the secular aristocracy at that time, the term "baron" was used as a collective noun for the nobility for a long time. In the 11th and 14th centuries, barons and fiefs could be passed on by blood and marriage, but they could not be sold or transferred at will, and successive kings did not arbitrarily add or deprive them of noble titles. In 1387, Richard II added the title of baron for the first time, and Biochampo de Hoult was made Baron Kidminster. For hundreds of years, the barons at the end of the 5th rank of nobility have always had the largest number.

On formal occasions, the baron wore the same coat as the count, with two mink skins on the hat and a pale silver ring on the tiara, decorated with 6 silver balls.

In order, the duke (duke) appears. As early as the Roman Empire, the title of duke on the continent was usually given to high-ranking commanders who defended their territories and had distinguished military achievements, but were later interrupted by major political changes. A few hundred years later, the dukedom was found in Germany. Around 970 AD, the German Emperor Otto I first established the title of duke. Soon France and other parts of continental Europe also established principalities (duchy; Grand Duchy, archduchy). In England, the duke was the highest nobility after the king or prince, as opposed to the "archduke" (archduke) of continental Europe as the lord of a country. The English dukedom appeared very late. In 1337, Edward III elevated Cornwall to a duchy and bestowed the title of duke on the seven-year-old "Black Prince" Edward. The crown prince participated in the Hundred Years' War at the age of 16, and his edge was revealed; In 1355, he went to France to command the war and made great military achievements. His father rewarded him with many titles, such as Prince of Wales in 1343 and Duke of Aquitaine in 1362. In order to highlight the special status of the duke, except for the queen's spouse and the prince, no other prince was allowed to claim the title of king for many years to come, and the highest title of duke could be obtained. Subsequently, Edward III and his successors established the Duchy of Lancaster (1351), the Duchy of Clarence (1362), the Duchy of York and the Duchy of Gloucester (1385), the Duchy of Hereford (1397), the Duchy of Bertford (1413) and the Duchy of Somerset (1443). The leaders of these principalities were all royal relatives, and after they obtained high-ranking titles, they stood out among the nobles and were extraordinary, laying hidden dangers for future competition for royal power, disrupting the dynasty, and creating wars. Since the establishment of the Duchy of Norfolk in 1483, dukedoms have been granted to anyone other than the prince, but principalities have rarely been established. And most of the people who can obtain this highest title are commanders with outstanding military achievements. It is difficult for a politician in the administrative circles to receive this honor, even if he has served for many years and has made remarkable achievements. On formal occasions, the duke also wore a crimson velvet coat with four mink furs on his hat. The crown is adorned with a gold ring and eight red gold leaves. The king, for his part, called the Duke "our true and most beloved companion." ”

Look again at the marquess (also marquis). Etymologically, it is derived from the German markgraf [博hou; Governor of the Frontier Colonies; Earl] evolved. The original meaning of the marquis is similar to the meaning of the word "Fang Bo", which refers to the feudal officials who rule one place. In England, the Latin word "marquis" originally referred to a lord of the Welsh frontier. At that time, it only meant that their territory was located close to the border, not that their status was higher than that of the earl. In 1385, the meaning changed, and Robert de Ville, 9th Earl of Oxford, was made Marquess of Dublin. In 1397, John, Earl of Somerset, was made Marquis of Dosit and Marquess of Somerset. The status and degree of honor of the marquis is not clear, and it is about the time between the duke and the earl, and it is not valued. During the reign of Henry VI, John de Biofort was removed from the title of Marquis by the King, and the House of Commons petitioned the King to restore the title of Giant. But he himself objected to begging the king, saying: "The Marquis is a new honorary title, which is completely unknown to the ancestors." Therefore, it is not wise to ignore it and not to accept it. It was not until the 15th century that the title was firmly maintained as the second rank of the noble titles, and it was valued by the nobility. Compared to the other 4 classes of nobility, the number of marquis has always been the smallest.

On important occasions, the marquis also wore a red velvet coat with three rows of semi-mink on his hat and a silver ring with four gold leaves and four silver balls on his tiara. The king addressed him as he did to the duke.

Among the nobles of the House of Lords, the number of viscounts is the least qualified. The viscount title originated in France, and was originally a county keeper with a rank below the count, but sometimes it could be a powerful prince. In England, in 1440 John of Biomant was made viscount, above all the barons. The viscount's hat has two rows of semi-mink fur, a silver ring on the crown, and 6 silver balls.

Until this time, the British 5th level of nobility was fully formed and became a relatively fixed aristocratic hierarchy.

In academic circles, there is a very popular saying that the British 5th class nobles are the ex-officio members of the House of Lords. The historical truth is not so simple. In the 13th and 15th centuries, although all the great nobles were eligible to attend the House of Lords, they were not allowed to attend each council unless they had a royal edict stamped before each council. Since the 14th century, earls, viscounts, barons, and dukes' sons have been referred to as "lords", and later lords can also refer to marquises, counts, viscounts, and barons below dukes. It has a similar meaning to the word "nobility". In addition, in the United Kingdom, the term "nobility" has always been broadly and narrowly defined. Aristocracy is derived from Greek and Latin. In Greek, it originally meant "outstanding" and "excellent", and could be used to refer to great nobility. But in Latin, which has a broader meaning, the word includes a lesser freeman in addition to a large nobility, and contains derogatory connotations of "stupid" and "mediocre", which is later homographically translated into English to mean a free peasant in military service. From the Norman conquest to near

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