"I have my own lungs and intestines, and I am crazy for the people." This sentence comes from "The Book of Songs, Daya, Sangrou", and the legend is that Rui Liangfu (the surname of Rui Guojun Ji of the Zhou Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty) is the work. Translated into the vernacular, it is: "The faint king has his own evil heart, forcing the people to go crazy." From this, it can be seen that if the personality and temperament are as sinister and cruel as the mountains and mountains, then the mood and tongue are as fierce and difficult to stop as the rivers. Throughout the ages, human emotions of grief, anger, and playful abuse have varied not only from person to person, but also from person to person. Therefore, words and words like cynicism must also be diverse, and even more varied.

According to the 2nd year of the reign of Emperor Xuan, the Song state was at war with the state of Zheng, and the general of the Song state, Hua Yuan (one of the ministers of the Song state during the time of the fifth grandson of Daigong of the Song Dynasty in ?-573 BCE) led his troops to defeat the battle and was captured, but he escaped back to the Song state. One day, when Hua Yuan was inspecting the city defense, a group of laborers who were building the city wall, after seeing him, sang on the side: "Look at his eyes, scare his belly, abandon his armor and recover." Thinking about it, abandoning the armor and coming back. (Approximate meaning: staring at the white eyes and holding up the big white belly, how do you look like a deserter who has lost his armor.) With a beard on his face, he was really the one who came back from abandoning his armor. When Hua Yuan heard these cool words, he asked his deputy to reply: "The cow has skin, and the rhino is still many, so what if you abandon the armor?" (Approximate meaning: Cows also have skin, and rhinoceros is still many, so what can be done if you discard your armor?) The laborers immediately responded: "From its skin, what is the lacquer?" (Roughly speaking: Since you have the same thick skin as a beast, how about painting you red?) When Hua Yuan heard the news, he said to the people around him: "Go to it, my husband and my mouth are outnumbered." (Roughly speaking: get out of here!) There are so many people here that they are outnumbered. ）

According to the record of the fourth year of Xianggong, the state of Yi and the state of Ju invaded the state of Yan together, and the state of Lu sent Zang Su to break the siege and attack the state of Yi. However, the Lu army suffered a defeat at Huxiao near the state of Lu. So there was such a ballad in Lu State: "Zang's fox Qiu, defeat me in the fox." My gentleman boy, the dwarf is an envoy. Gnomes and gnomes, I am defeated. (Approximate meaning: The surname Zang who wears fox fur has suffered defeat in Fox Fur.) The monarch was originally a child, and sent a dwarf to fight. O gnomes! O gnomes! How could it be possible not to suffer defeat in the country of Yi. ）

From the above two stories in the "Spring and Autumn Period: Zuo Biography" scriptures, both make fun of the body shape and appearance of the powerful class, in order to vent the people's inner dissatisfaction with their "arbitrary arbitrariness". In fact, language that directly expresses people's inner grievances is often called "slander". In terms of etymology, "micro-words" is slander, while "fangyan" is slander. However, in the above two stories, they use witty words that turn around and turn around, that is, they use metaphors or metaphors to indirectly express their inner dissatisfaction, and this language can be roughly classified as "slander".

According to the Book of Rites, there was a man whose elder brother died, but his younger brother did not mourn for his brother. However, once he heard that Confucius's disciple Gao Chai (surnamed Gao Mingchai, Zi Lamb, also known as Zigaozi Gao Jigao, thirty years younger than Confucius, Wei Guoren, also known as Qi Guoren) would become an official in this place, this younger brother hurriedly dressed his elder brother in mourning clothes. As a result, the locals sang: "The silkworm is good and the crab has Kuang, the fan is the crown and the cicada has a line; The elder brother died and the son Gao declined. (Approximate meaning: silkworm like weaving, crab like carrying basket; Fan like utensils, cicadas like guns; His brother died, but he mourned for Zigao. This is the origin of the idiom "crab and cicada". A certain social undesirable phenomenon like the one satirized in this idiom story is actually a commonplace personality ugliness and moral defects, and is even completely equivalent to all kinds of "fake big empty" things that are still often condemned and whipped by people today, but they are repeatedly banned, and it seems that they are still full of stamina.

In addition, also in "The Book of Rites: Under the Tan Bow", it is also mentioned that when the mother of Confucius's old friend Yuan Yang (in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius of the Lu State was considered to be a person who did not pay attention to etiquette and did nothing), died, Confucius went to help him organize the funeral. The head of the raccoon dog is spotted, and the hand of the woman is rolled. (Approximate meaning: It's been a long time since I've expressed my heart through singing and dancing.) Mother's gray hair like a fox's head! Hold your hands so soft. Confucius faced this scene as if he had not heard anything, and then walked away. The man who was traveling with Confucius asked, "Why didn't the gentleman stop him?" Confucius replied: "Relatives are relatives precisely because they will never be lost; The old man is also the old man because he can never lose it. This is a particularly popular and incomprehensible, similar to the rebellious obscene word "Spot of the Raccoon Head".

The stories listed above have been impressively recorded in the classics such as "Book of Songs", "Zuo Chuan" and "Book of Rites", especially the last playful and joking speech, which not only happened at the funeral, but also appeared vividly under the nose of Sage Confucius, but it is still recorded in history in a grand manner. All this shows that "harmonics" and "hidden words" have never been ignored by emperors, sages and scriptures, let alone simply and rudely rejected, blocked and burned.

What is harmony? The word "harmonious" is taken apart, that is, "words" and "all"; To explain further, it is to use easy-to-understand words to cater to the inner feelings of people at that time, and say something that can win the hearts of most people with a smile.

According to the Historical Records and Funny Biography, King Qi Wei (Jiang Qi was used as the name of the concubine Tian from 378 to 320 B.C.) was fond of drinking and having fun, and often stayed up all night, so that the state affairs were abandoned. One day, Chun Yuyu (about 386-310 B.C., a native of Huangxian County, Qi Wei Wang Qing's doctor), asked him how much he drank. Chun Yuji replied that Yidou was also drunk, and Yishi was also drunk. King Qi Wei laughed at him and said, since Yidou is drunk, how can he still drink a stone? Chun Yuyu replied that if he drank with the king, he would not be able to drink more than one bucket, and he would be drunk and exhausted, but if he drank with relatives and friends, even if he drank more than one bucket, he would only be drunk. Finally, he explained to King Qi Wei: "If you drink too much, you will be chaotic, and if you are happy, you will be sad; All things are true, words cannot be extreme, and extreme decline. When King Qi Wei heard this, he repented, and never drank again for a long night.

According to the "Selected Writings of Zhaoming, Volume 19", in order to satirize King Chu Xiang, Song Yu in his apocryphal article "Deng's Disciple is Lustful", through the story of four characters and three characters, what is publicized is the feelings of men and women who are "affectionate and courteous". Four of the characters are King Chu Xiang, Song Yu, Deng Tuzi and Qin Zhanghua. The story of the three people, the first is Deng's disciple, who reminded King Chu Xiang in private, saying that Song Yu was too beautiful and lustful, and he must be kept away from the harem in order to prevent trouble. The second is the author Song Yu himself, when the king of Chu questioned whether the things reminded by the disciple were right or wrong, on the one hand, he gave an example of the Donglin woman in his hometown, who was not only incomparably beautiful, but also admired and infatuated with him, but he himself was indifferent; On the other hand, it was also pointed out that the daughter-in-law of Deng Tuzi was extremely ugly, but they actually gave birth to five children, which implied that Deng Tuzi was not so much obsessed with beauty as indulgence. The third is the doctor of Zhanghua of the Qin State, although this person is a person from the Zhanghua realm of the Chu State, but he was the doctor of the Qin State at the time, he commented to the King of Chu that Song Yu's understanding of men's lust is too biased, and at the same time said that he once traveled to the land of Zheng Wei, and when he saw a real beauty in the suburbs, although he flirted with him with the good sentences of the "Book of Songs", and the two eyebrows and eyes were happy, but they stopped at etiquette, leaving only the best memories.

In both of the above stories, the purpose of exhortation and ridicule is hidden in extremely subtle and very close to life examples. Such a metaphorical form of language expression is not only necessary, but also worth thinking about.

There are also two stories in "Historical Records: Funny Biography", which are also particularly interesting and still worth mentioning.

One of them is about a courtier in the court of the Qin Dynasty, whose name is Youhan. This person likes to tell jokes in front of the emperor, and he can always have a miraculous effect of setting things right. When Qin II first came to power, he was planning to paint the city wall with lacquer, and Youhan, who was standing aside, immediately applauded loudly and said with added vinegar: "Even if the emperor doesn't say it, I am trying to propose it." The lacquered city wall, although it costs people and money, is beautiful! And the enemy can't climb up when he comes. It's just that although this thing is good, and paint is not a problem, but it is not easy to build a house that can cover the city wall and make the paint dry. When Qin II heard this, he laughed and gave up the plan.

Another matter concerns the famous artist You Meng of the Chu State, who is not only good at imitating others, but also quick thinking, and sharp teeth, especially likes to say the opposite, and is accustomed to insinuations. At that time, the king of Chuzhuang had a beloved horse, who was proud of his life and took great care of him, but soon died suddenly due to obesity. The king of Chuzhuang consulted with the minister and decided to bury him according to the doctor's etiquette. You Meng howled and cried, and said to the king of Chu: "What can't we do in the Great Chu Kingdom!" The king's beloved thing died, and it was too inappropriate to use the doctor's level to mourn, and the etiquette of the monarch should be used. The king of Chu asked, "How do you do it?" You Meng replied: "Choose the best wood, build the inner coffin and the outer coffin and the yellow intestine inscription, order the warrior soldiers to dig holes, let the old, weak, sick and disabled carry the soil, and the surrounding countries will come to the funeral when they hear the news, and after the burial, they will not only enjoy the temple, but also allocate ten thousand households to serve, so that the world will understand that the king is a slut and a noble horse." When King Chu Zhuang heard these words, he himself felt ridiculous, and said, "Is my fault so serious? What now? Youmeng then suggested...... Eat it". So, in order to prevent this matter from spreading, King Chuzhuang agreed to send the dead horse to the imperial dining room.

Similar to the above two stories, although the form of language and the way of speaking are rather strange, false and pompous, they have achieved surprisingly remarkable results. This is also the root reason why Sima Qian also edited a "Funny Biography" when compiling the "Historical Records", because this kind of oily and slippery expression seems to be absurd, but it is a shortcut to the right path. However, in terms of any subject, whether in form or content, if it cannot ensure that the style and system of elegance and standardization are in a mainstream situation, then it is very easy to instigate and move towards crooked ways. This is the truth of the so-called "ontology is indecent, and it is easy to disadvantage". Therefore, people like Dongfang Shuo, Mei Gao and others, who are in the high halls, can only go with the flow, and have never had the outstanding merits of Kuangzheng's great cause. On the contrary, in real life, they slander, ridicule and tease each other, and they do not get the understanding, respect and support they deserve from each other. Therefore, Mei Gao's self-evaluation: "For the endowment is to wander, see the eyes as advocated." (Approximate meaning: Fu is written like an insult and frolic, and people are regarded as advocating excellent plays.) From this, it is not difficult to see that in the depths of their hearts, they are not only full of remorse, but also full of helplessness, sighs and depression in life.

In the Wei and Jin dynasties, legend has it that Emperor Cao Pi of Wei once collected homophonic metaphors and compiled a "Laughing Book"; It is also rumored that Xue Zong of Wu (AD?-243 AD, a native of Zhuyi, Wenpei County, a famous minister of the Three Kingdoms of Wu) is good at improvising and refuting each other with jokes. This kind of interjection, which can often cause laughter and even dancing, is not beneficial to the administration of government and education. Even some literary and artistic masters have been obsessed with this issue, so that they have gone astray. For example, Pan Yue's "The Ugly Woman" and Shu Hui (261-300 AD, Guangwei, Yangping, Yuancheng, Western Jin Dynasty writer), etc., although the scene is vividly described, there are a lot of gossips. Despite this, their imitators are numerous, even reaching more than 100. Throughout the Wei and Jin dynasties, such a literary atmosphere of teasing and playing with blasphemy was extremely prevalent, and some compared Ying Jin's nose to an egg that had been cut off in half; Some put Zhang Hua on the head of a hat and described it as a mallet. Ugly words, strange words or witty words like this are irreparable and serious damage to the atmosphere and style of "elegance and integrity" advocated by the culture. Perhaps such a method of emotional catharsis is exactly in line with the scene mentality of "the drowning person is not smiling, and the sinner is not singing" mentioned in "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period, Ji Juan V, and Great Happiness". Therefore, although it is not a particularly popular classical idiom "drowning man laughs", "Xu Mi crazy song" or "jailer crazy song", there is indeed a reason for it.

What is hidden? The original word for concealment should be "讔", which means to hide and not say, or to conceal the original meaning, and use metaphors to refer to things.

According to the 12th year of Xuan Gong, in the winter of 597 BC, the state of Chu besieged the state of Xiao, before conquering the city. Because Dr. Xiao Guo still has no society, he and Dr. Shen Shuzhan of Chu are friends in the world, and they are also besieged in the city at this time. So, before the society was there, he climbed the city tower and asked the soldiers under the city to call for the book fair. Subsequently, the two had this conversation:

Shen Shuzhan asked, "Is there wheat koji?" (Is there any koji?) ）

There is no social answer: "No" (no!) ）

The people under the city asked again, "Is there a mountain bow that is poor?" (Do you have a mountain dome?) ）

The city's answer: "None" (neither!) ）

Chengxia asked again: "What can I do if the river fish is sick?" (What should I do if my belly is swollen like a fish?) ）

The city replied, "Look at the well and save it." (Just sit in the dry well and wait.) ）

At this point in the dialogue, Shen Shuzhen specially added: "If it is a mao, the crying well is yourself." (Isn't it good to tie a white rope to the well and hear someone crying?) So, after the Chu army conquered Xiaocheng, Shen Shuzhan stood by the well with a white rope and cried on one side, and was saved without a society on the other side.

In addition, according to the record of "Zuo Chuan: The Thirteenth Year of Aigong", about 482 BC, due to the locust plague in autumn and winter, Shen Shuyi of Wu State went to the house of Sun Youshan, the Duke of Lu State, to borrow grain, and the two had such a conversation:

Shen Shuyi said: "Peiyu is jealous, and there is nothing left." As soon as the wine was in full bloom, Yu and the father of Brown looked at it. (Others jingle jade, and my body is empty; Other people's wine sparkled blue waves, and I watched from the side of the old man who was not covered by his clothes. ）

Gongsun Youshan said: "Liang is nothing, and there is roughness." If you climb the first mountain to call 'Geng Guihu', then promise. (There is no refined grain, but there is still a lot of coarse millet.) You stand on the top of the hill and shout, "Is there a heptane?" I'll grant your request. ）

"Geng" refers to "grain" in the army. The dialogue between the two of them in the form of a dumb riddle hides the embarrassment of daily borrowing in an elegant ridicule.

Another example is the record of "Historical Records of the Chu Family", King Chu Zhuang ascended the throne for three years, ignored the government and government, and ordered those who dared to admonish him to be killed. The minister Wu Ju (Wu Zixu's grandfather, Wu Hao's father) said to King Chuzhuang that there was a dumb riddle outside, and everyone didn't know what it meant. King Zhuang agreed with him and said it. Here's a conversation between the two of them:

Wu Ju said: "There is a bird in Yufu, and it has not been singing for three years, what kind of bird is it?" (There is a big bird on the hill, it has not flown or called for three years, I don't know what kind of bird it is?) ）

King Zhuang said: "If you don't fly for three years, you will soar to the sky; If you don't sing for three years, the song will be amazing. I know what to do. (I didn't fly for three years, but I soared into the sky; Three years without a hit, a blockbuster. Go down, I see. ）

Soon after, King Chuzhuang began to reuse the characters who dared to sacrifice their lives to admonish, and immediately shocked the Quartet.

It is still recorded in "Warring States Policy • Qi Ce" that Jing Guojun (Tian Yingfei's surname, also known as the father of Meng Weijun, the half-brother of Qi Xuanwang, the youngest son of Qi Weiwang) wanted to strengthen the fortifications of his Xue Cheng fiefdom, and told the people around him not to meet with lobbyists who obstructed this matter. A doorman said that he only wanted to say three words to Jing Guojun, and if he wanted more, he would be willing to accept the cooking, so Jing Guojun agreed to meet him. When this doorman came to see him, he walked forward quickly and just said the three words "big fish in the sea", then turned around and left.

Jing Guojun hurriedly asked, "Don't you have anything else to say?" ”

The doorman stopped and replied, "I don't want to play with my life." ”

Jing Guojun said: "Forget the previous promise, please finish the sentence." ”

The doorman began to explain further: big fish are in the sea, even if they use a big net, it is not easy to catch, but on land, even ants dare to bully it. Xue Cheng is like a big fish, and Qi is the sea. If you leave the Qi Kingdom, what is the use of building the walls of the Xue Kingdom to the sky? As a result, Jingguo Junmao suddenly opened his mouth and immediately stopped the construction of the city.

In "The Legend of the Daughters of the Lie", there is a story of "Chu Chu Zhuang's Nephew". This story is about King Chu Qingxiang who is over forty years old, not only does he not establish a prince, but he only likes to travel in the mountains and rivers, and does not pay attention to the government at all. Once, King Chu Qingxiang wanted to play from afar, but was stopped by a twelve-year-old girl on the way. The girl, the daughter of a county named "Zhuang Nephew" (supposedly Zhuang Ji), asked the King of Chu if he understood such a rumor: "The big fish has lost water, and there is a dragon without a tail." The wall wanted to collapse inward, but the king ignored it. ”

The king of Chu replied, "I don't know." ”

Zhuang's nephew further explained: "If the big fish loses water, the king is five hundred miles away from the country, and he is happy in the front, and he does not think about the trouble in the back." Those who have dragons and tails are forty years old, and there is no prince. If the country has no strong auxiliary, it will also perish. The wall wants to collapse inwards and the king does not look at it, and the chaos becomes and the king does not change it. ”

After such a conversation between King Chu Qingxiang and Zhuang's nephew on the side of the road, they immediately reined in the precipice and returned home. Subsequently, the king of Chu repaired politics internally and resisted strong enemies externally, and soon the country was rich and the people were strong, and Zhuang's nephew was naturally included in the harem.

In "The Legend of the Daughters of the Lie: The Legend of Renzhi", there is another story of "Lu Zang's Grandmother". Zang's grandmother is the mother of Dr. Lu Zang Wenzhong. Zang Wenzhong was about to send an envoy to Qi State, and before leaving, Zang's mother gave him an analysis of the political situation between Qi and Lu, and estimated that he would be lucky and unlucky on this trip, and instructed his son to dredge the powerful figures of Qi in advance. Sure enough, Zang Wenzhong was detained when he arrived in Qi State, because Qi State had already begun to plan a sneak attack on Lu State. Zang Wenzhong relied on the upper-level relationship that had been opened up, and secretly wrote a letter to Lu Guogong. And because he was worried that the secret letter would be discovered halfway, he wrote it in a dumb riddle; One of the sayings is "Hounds Hunting Dog Group Sheep Fur". The monarchs and ministers of Lu State, although they saw Zang Wenzhong's secret letter, no one could read it, so they had to consult Zang Wenzhong's mother. After her old man saw the letter, she not only read it clearly, but also pointed out that "hunting dogs are eaten, and sheep are formed." "Hinting" that Qi is going to invade Lu State, and it must be prepared in advance. So, Lu increased its troops and garrisoned it, and was ready for battle. Seeing that the conspiracy was revealed, Qi immediately abandoned the invasion plan.

Summing up many of the above stories, without exception, they are all vivid cases of the use of the language form of "讔". The reason why they can be included in classics such as "Zuo Biography", "Warring States Policy", "Historical Records" and "Biography of the Daughters" is that if you talk about the big truth, you can rejuvenate the country and make contributions; If you talk about it in a small way, you can not only correct the deviation, but also answer questions. In addition, while these stories are all about improvisation, ingenuity, and ingenuity, they are more like trickery, intrigue, and tricks. Therefore, some "reveling" words like this, and "harmonic" words that seem to be intended to make fun of each other, are actually the same as each other.

In the Han Dynasty, there was a special "Hidden Book", a total of eighteen articles. When Liu Xin and Ban Gu were editing the bibliography, they once placed them at the back of the fu. During the Ji Zhou period, King Chuzhuang and King Qi Wei loved metaphors. Dongfang Shuo of the Western Han Dynasty is an expert in this area, but Dongfang Shuo's rhetoric is too absurd and unreasonable, which is not conducive to the literary and artistic purpose of setting things right and ending up in different ways. Since Cao Wei, courtiers like the advocate of excellence were obviously disgusted by the court, so the scholar class led the humorous metaphor to the track of riddles.

What is a mystery? "Enigma" is deliberately vague and confusing. As for how to set up the puzzle, whether they use their hands and feet in the wording of the content of the question, or set a trap in the expression of the nature and character of things, in short, they all rack their brains and make a fool of themselves, but they only rely on simple knowledge to show off the magnificence of the writing, so as to try to achieve the twists and turns of the mystery and the truth of the puzzle, and seek to achieve the best effect of the mystery flashing words and the accuracy of the puzzle. For example, in Xun Qing's "Silkworm Fu", the riddle style has been revealed; Brothers Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, the riddles are concise and well-written; Although Cao Chao's images are widespread, they are too delicate and well-behaved and far from the topic.

Throughout the ages, whether it is a hidden word or a riddle, only the pursuit of righteousness and reasonableness is the fundamental priority, and it cannot be like a game to amuse children, just to win the applause of the legs, so as to laugh at the funny and funny. Therefore, the format requirements for exploring the humorous words in the style of the essay are just like the novels in the nine streams and ten schools of Zhuzi, but they are all the objects of barnyard officials, so as to observe the people's feelings and interests, and then guide the establishment of national affairs. As a writer or author engaged in literature and art, if you blindly imitate these things, then you will really become the best friend of Chun Yuyu and Dongfang Shuo, and Youhan and Youmeng.

In a word: homophonic metaphors, ancient times; Turn the crisis into safety, classic naturalization. Silk and hemp are expensive, and barnyard grass is valuable; Each can be used for both short and long purposes. Sarcasm praises are amorphous, and it is common sense that it is just right; Joy and anger laugh and scold the article, and the gains and losses depend on the person.