What

What about "mourning"? "Yi Zhou Shu • Fifty-four Explanations of the Law" says: "Fleas are lonely and short folded and mourned, and Gongren was short folded and mourned." Therefore, in the literal sense of the word,

"Lamentation" means that the passage of time is short, and then it is over; In the phonetic sense of the word, mourning is dependent, because sadness follows inner feelings, so it is called mourning.

In ancient times, people who used written words to express their grief were usually aimed at the juniors, especially children who died of illness, and generally not for the elderly.

For example, in "The Book of Songs, Qin Feng, Yellow Bird".

"The sky of the sky, annihilate my beloved! If it can be redeemed, people will be alive! "How miserable and miserable! After Qin Mugong's death, the three sons of the Ziche clan were buried, and people actually shouted out

"Willing to exchange more than 100 of us for the lives of these three good children". This is the poet's lament for the sake of his three children who died prematurely without disease.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Zen, Huo Quai's son Huo Xian, who accompanied Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai, died suddenly, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wrote a poem for this

The poems of "Hurt Huo Huan" also belong to the category of lamentations. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the king of Ruyang died, Cui Ying's lamentation broke the previous convention, in which the sentence, like

"Walking on the ghost door", in terms of wording, is obviously grotesque; Another example

"Riding the dragon and riding the clouds" is more like playing with immortals, and there is no sadness and grief at all; As for the five-character sentence form at the end, it may be an imitation of the lamentation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

During the same period, literati such as Su Shun and Zhang Sheng, although they had already emerged and had been talented in writing mourning essays, they had not yet reached the level of profundity that touched the heart.

In the Jian'an season of Cao Wei, only Xu Gan is a masterpiece in the creation of mourning, especially his "Lamentation of the Walking Girl", which is quite sad.

Since the Western Jin Dynasty, Pan Yue (247-300 A.D., the famous writer of Pan An) has absorbed the strengths of his predecessors and perfected his lamentation works.

His prose is thoughtful and tactful, his grief is earnest and sad, the narrative is as simple as a biography, and the epilogue is like a poetic scripture.

Therefore, on the whole, the righteousness is decent, the rhetoric is euphemistic and smooth, the style seems to be old and the content is very novel, such as "The Lament of the Golden Deer" and "The Lament of the Orphan Daughter Zelan for Ren Zixian's Wife", which can be said to be unprecedented and unprecedented.

To summarize the above examples, the main point of lamentation writing is to emphasize the sadness emotionally, and the words to express love and pity.

For minors who have died young, because they have not yet achieved moral and moral achievements, praise focuses on intelligence, and mourning focuses on appearance.

Therefore, only from the heart, only from the heart of the heart, only from the sincere meaning of the lamentation, can be appropriate and appropriate.

If you deliberately make up a lamentation just for the purpose of writing a lamentation, it must be extravagant and exaggerated. Extravagant and pompous lamentations must be flashy.

Only when love is sad and sorrowful, and only when the text is sad and tears flow spontaneously, this is the boutique of lamentation.

What is hanging? According to the explanation of "Erya Commentary No. 1": "Hanging, to also." And in the poem "Tianbao" in "The Book of Songs, Xiaoya", there are such words: "The hanging of the gods, the blessing of Erduo." "Therefore, in an ancient sense, the act of going down to the mortal world to ask for warmth is hanging.

All famous people, in the case of a normal death, must be named and funeral, which is both a very common and a particularly solemn secular etiquette.

Therefore, in the event of a funeral, relatives and friends generally have to come to the door to mourn and mourn, and at this time, there needs to be some words that specifically express the mood at the moment.

In addition, according to ancient etiquette and customs, accidental deaths such as crushing and drowning cannot be used

"Hanging" this form of condolence. However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, when the Song State was flooded and the Zheng State was hit by fire, all countries sent people to condole, the reason was that the country suffered and the people's livelihood died, so they gave condolences; In addition, when the Jin State built the Qiqi Palace and the Qi State captured Yanchengchi, the neighboring countries sent people to congratulate, but Shi Zhao (the Taishi of the Spring and Autumn Jin Kingdom) and Su Qin (the Zonghengjia during the Warring States Period) both believed that the unjust behavior of the country that was similar to the loss of money and the loss of money and the hatred of the enemy was better than congratulations.

The reason why the above examples are included in the mourning here is because some of them are arrogant and desolate and will surely fall and die early, some are arrogant and obedient and have become terminally ill, some are destined to be destitute at the wrong time, and some are arrogant and arrogant and have dug their own graves, so they are similar to some character stories, which are called

"Hanging" is not an exaggeration. As for other situations, such as Jia Yi's crossing of Xiangshui, seeing things and thinking about people, and emotionally composing "The Original Text", in which the reasonableness is natural and appropriate, and the sentences are vivid and touching, which should belong to the iconic masterpiece of the mourning style to mature.

Subsequently, Sima Xiangru's "Mourning Qin II Fu" is completely in line with the genre of mourning. Huan Tan once commented on Sima Xiangru's "Lamenting Qin II Fu", which is not only sad and sad, but also sighing.

The reason why "Mourning Qin II Fu" can reach such a level is that the ending is deeply to the point, and the sorrow comes from the association.

Yang Ziyun said that in order to hang Qu Yuan, he made "Anti-Lisao", although he was deliberate, but the effect was mediocre; Because its profound connotation is not clearly expressed, the rhetoric rhyme is quite bloated.

Ban Biao's "Mourning for the Divorce" and Cai Yong's "The Original Text" are both good at questioning questions; They followed Jia Yi's mourning style, but they failed to keep up with him.

Hu Guang's "Hanging Yi Qi Wen" and Ruan Yu's "Hanging Bo Yi Wen" are just blind praise, and they are too prosaic; And Wang Cang's "Hanging Yi Qiwen", which ridicules and questions the content, is indeed very well written.

Comparing the three of them, Hu Guang and Ruan Yu were keen to praise Bo Yi and Shu Qi for their detachment and high school, but Wang Cang was obviously dissatisfied with their narrow-mindedness and stubbornness, which was just a difference in their respective positions and views.

Others, like You Heng's "Hanging Zhang Hengwen", although the rhyme is luxurious, the disadvantage is that the artistic conception is superficial; And Lu Ji's "Hanging Wei Wu Emperor Wen", although the preface is cleverly written, the text is too complicated.

After that, there were no more commendable works. Although condolence and condolences are a very ancient form, there has been no clear definition of what kind of content the condolences have.

The lamentation, once the wording is ornate and the rhyme is heavy, it is closer to the content form of the fu. Therefore, the righteousness of the mourning text is the criterion, and the promotion of virtue is the principle, in which you can analyze the gains and losses of right and wrong, but the expression of mourning must be reasonable and modest.

If so, for the mourning condolence, although it is not far away. To sum up: the lamentation was originally intended only for the weak and young.

Like the sorrow for the decaying and withering of plants and trees before they have yet to blossom and bear fruit, this is a sorrow that has not changed since ancient times.

Even genius generalists are just as easy to fall into a situation of confusion and loss of control when writing a lamentation.

Between heaven and earth, it is a matter of life and death, the past thousand years, the future ten thousand years, this matter is difficult to consider!

Therefore, the mourning is just a thought, and it is enough to express your heart.