The "Texts of the Nine Dynasties" commented in this chapter are, generally speaking, beginning with Tang Yao and Yu Shun and ending with the two Jin and Liu Song dynasties, with the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties in the middle, plus Ying Qin, Liu Han, and Cao Wei. The length spans more than 2,000 years, and the number of literary books is innumerable. When talking about the writers and the value and significance of their works during the period of excellence, we can only go into detail and pass by.

Before and after Yu Shun Xia Qi, the representative celebrity masterpieces, one is recorded in "Shangshu Gao Tao Mo", Gao Tao, who was in charge of the prison, first made it clear that those who are in charge of the prison must have "wide and chestnut, soft and standing, willing and respectful, chaotic and respectful, disturbing and resolute, straight and gentle, simple and incorruptible, rigid and plugged, strong and righteous." "Nine virtues; Second, in the "Shangshu Shundian", it is recorded that the music official Kui took the lead in calibrating the musical instruments, and the performance level reached "eight tones and harmony, incomparable, gods and men are harmonious." "The extreme; In the three "Shangshu • Da Yu Mo", Boyi, the leader of Dongyi, publicly warned the emperor, like "Only virtue moves the sky, and it is far away." Full of losses, humble benefits, the time is the way of heaven. "It is not only related to the rise and fall of the country, but also the natural law of individual success or failure; Fourth, after Taikang, the third emperor of the Xia Dynasty, lost his country, legend has it that his younger brother sang "The people are only Bangben, Bengu Bangning." "The Song of the Five Sons". Listing the scriptures and passages that have been handed down to this day, they are not only gentle and peaceful in their writing, but also elegant and upright in righteousness, which can be called a model of civilization that has benefited thousands of generations.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty when Ji Zhou replaced Zishang. According to the records of "Shangshu • Book of Shang", the Shang Dynasty once had "Zhong Yu's Edict", in which Zhong Yu, a famous minister of Shang Tang, not only frankly stated that "the king who can get his own teacher, but also the one who is said to be the one who has died." If you ask well, you will be rich, and if you use it for yourself, you will be small. and other new ideas, and guide the national revolution; In addition, in the "Shangshu • Shangshu • Yixun", Yi Yin, as the founder of the Shang Dynasty and the patriarch of the Five Dynasties, proposed to those in power, "Er Weide is small, and all countries are celebrated; Er Wei is not virtuous, and he falls into the sect. "and other advice, sounding the death knell for the tyrannical man; Moreover, like in the "Book of Songs", similar to the "Song Gao" and "Hao Min" created by Yin Jifu, the Taishi of King Xuan of Zhou, the "Mu is like a clear wind", like the above chapters, not only the righteousness belongs to the righteous and bright classics, but also the literary style can be called a model for teaching and educating people.

Since Ji Zhou moved the capital to Luoyi and the entire Spring and Autumn Period, the royal power fell and lost, and the princes competed for victory, and the princes and generals frequently gathered with each other, and all kinds of oaths and covenants at all levels rose and fell, light and dark. So in the literary world, the talents and heroes show their abilities, strange and shining, and the stars are shining. If the characters in the period are diverse, it is just like a jade warehouse, although the good and the bad are uneven, but they are dazzling; If you look at the variety of works that emerge, it is like a silk shop, although the texture is different, but the brilliance is dazzling. According to the records of the Spring and Autumn Period, during this period, Yin Sun Shu Ao (about 630 BC - 593 BC, surnamed Ao, the name of the family name Ao, Sun Shu, Henan Province, Huaibin and Xue Ao should be the same person) was good at learning from classical experience to govern the new policy, so he made outstanding achievements; The Jin State Dafushi Hui (c. 660 BC - c. 583 BC) was famous for his fame because he was enshrined in Sui, Fan Yiyi was the clan, and Fan was the Fan clan. When the Emperor Wen of Jin was in power, Zhao Yuan was shrewd and wise, and he was able to be the heir of Fulu; Zheng Guozi is good at rhetoric and defends Zheng Guo's dignity; Zheng Guozhengqing You Ji (in the spring and autumn of ?-507 BC, ruled by his stepson in 522 BC) was not only talented and beautiful, but also able to carry on the past and forge ahead into the future; Zheng Guoxing's Gongsun was proficient in diplomatic rhetoric, and won a reputation that will go down in history. The above-mentioned characters and deeds in "Spring and Autumn Zuo Biography" are all outstanding in terms of literary style and rhetoric, and have made meritorious contributions to the present generation and gone down in history.

Entering the Warring States Period, in the era of the survival of the fittest, in the midst of continuous wars, "military merit, force, and power" have become the main theme of society. However, "literati, scholars, and sages" did not disappear because of this, but became more and more otherworldly, so that they emerged one after another. As a result, hundreds of schools of thought sprung up like mushrooms after a rain, relying on their own moral doctrines, not only came out of nowhere, but also lobbied everywhere. On the land of Jing Chu, the "Chu Ci" style represented by Qu Yuan and Song Yu has a protruding peak and is unique. Among the nations, the general of the Yan State, Wei Ren Le Yi's "Dedication to the King of Yan", argues with reason, and protects his life with wisdom; Fan Ju, a Wei man who fled into the Qin State, insinuated in the book "Dedication to King Zhao", which approached the vital point; Su Qin, who lobbied the Six Kingdoms to become famous, in his "Su Zi" (Death Yi) articles, his words are conclusive, eager for quick success; Li Si, a Chu person, in Qin's "Shangshu Exhortations to Chase Away Guests", frankly explained the pros and cons, which was deeply moving...... The cultural relics that wrote these works, if they were not deep in the middle of the fire of the Warring States Period, but based on the Han Dynasty, a civilization that advocated poetry and writing, they must have been figures such as Yangxiong and Bangu. In addition, Zhao Guoren Xun is not only a generation of grandmasters in academic thought, but his "Fu Chapter" is also rich and beautiful, and the righteousness is profound and clear, worthy of the title of Confucianism.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, if you talk about the leader in "Wen Tao", it should be Lu Jia; His "Meng Chunfu" (Death Yi) should be the arrow of the Han Fu; His "Xinyu" articles are in line with the Confucian scriptures, especially in terms of words and phrases, they are simple and concise, and straightforward and discerning. Jia Yi is talented, like a horse in the literary world, his "On the Passage of Qin", "On Accumulation and Sparseness", "Hanging Qu Yuanfu", "Ostrich Fu", etc., shocking the past and the present, is by no means vain. Mei Cheng's "Seven Hairs" and Zou Yang's "Shangshu Wu Wang" are both brilliant and magnificent. Dong Zhongshu focuses on Confucian judgments, Sima Qian studies historical materials and biographies, the former has "Shi does not meet Fu", and the latter follows "Sad Shi does not meet Fu", both of which belong to "The Book of Songs, Xiaoya, April" "The gentleman composes a song, and Wei mourns." However, it is the consistent appeal of ancient and modern literati and ink writers. Sima Xiangru is well-read, in the artistic conception of the literary style, respect Qu Yuan, Song Yu's magnificent and weird, although known as the grandmaster of the Cifu family, but deep into the connotation of the text, his righteousness is submerged in the charm of rhetoric, so Yang Xiong's "Fa Yan • Gentleman" has the evaluation of "Wen Li uses the widow Changqing also", which is indeed pertinent and incisive. Ziyuan Wang praised his writings, the sentences were beautiful and gorgeous, the words were meticulous and exquisite, he was good at painting sound and color, and his expression was calm and calm. In the middle of artistic creation, the most speculative and deliberate literary master is second to none Ziyun Yang Xiong, whose sentences are subtle and profound, the choice of words is beautiful and weird, and he is often exhausted, and he is accustomed to strict literary quality.

Huan Tan in the Eastern Han Dynasty was proficient in a variety of literary styles, and his works were rich and colorful; When Song Hong, the chief secretary of the imperial court, recommended talents to Emperor Guangwu, he said that Huan Tan was comparable to Sima Xiangru, but looking at his poems such as "Immortal Fu", his words were shallow and lacking in literary brilliance, which showed that his strength was in the satirical recital, and he was not good at ornate rhetoric. Feng Yanru is a genius, although he prefers the style of "rhetoric", but in the prosperous era of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he is depressed, but his "Xianzhi Fu", like a sick clam into a pearl, is more and more dazzling.

Throughout the period of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, the successive talents of father and son were none other than Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin. People used to think that their father and son, Ban Gu's literary and historical talent was better than Ban Biao, and Liu Xin's erudition and insight were better than Liu Xiang's, but today's view, Ban Biao's "Treatise on the Destiny of the King" is so wise and eloquent, and Liu Xiang's "New Preface" is also complete and concise, so people say that Kunshan is rich in beautiful jade, but ignore the reason why Kunshan produces higher quality jade. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu Yi and Cui Kui went hand in hand in the literary world, and Cui Juan's son Cui Ying and grandson Cui Wei successively became famous in history, which can be called the literary style and family style passed down from generation to generation. In addition, during this period, Du Du and Jia Kui were famous in the literary world, and if you comment on their literary talents, they should be at the bottom of the list of writers such as Cui Chu and Fu Yi. Then there is Li You (c. 55-c. 135 or c. 44-c. 126 Chinese character Boren Guanghan and Eastern Han Dynasty writers) who favored Mingfu and intended to be high-minded, but his talent was not enough, like a big bird with folded wings, it must be difficult to fly. However, like the grandmaster of the Ma Rong generation, his thoughts are exquisite, his vision is high-sighted, his writings and speeches are quite exemplary of scriptures, and the quality of the chapters complements each other. There is also Wang Yi who has a wide range of knowledge, and collects annotations on "Chu Ci Chapters and Sentences" to patronize later studies, but his personal works are not good; Wang Yi's son Wang Yanshou inherited his father's ambition, young and talented, and his "Lu Lingguang Dianfu" depicts the shape of the scenery, delicate and subtle, and the rhetoric is magnificent, quite a legacy style.

Throughout the Eastern Han Dynasty, erudite and prodigies emerged one after another. In the past, Zhang Heng was versatile, and Cai Yongya was intensively studied, and they were both literate and historical, and their talents looked at each other from generation to generation. "Ahh If Liu Xiang's recital is clear in purpose and quiet in writing, then Zhao Yi (a native of Xixian County, Hanyang County, who lived roughly around 168 to 189 AD during the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty) has a wide range of content and a stretched style. Talents like this, as well as Pan Miao, who is famous all over the world for his mastery of scriptures, and his "Cewei Gongjiu Xiwen" has become an outstanding masterpiece of the times; Furthermore, although Wang Lang made a name for himself by focusing on the Confucian classics, he was also good at preface inscriptions. According to the above examples, it is not difficult to see that before Sima Xiangru and Wang Bao in the Western Han Dynasty, the so-called "ability to show ability" in literary creation mainly expressed feelings and aspirations through the use of personalized language, rather than copying classic quotations, so as to show one's own virtue and knowledge; However, since Yang Xiong and Liu Xiang, literati and writers have become more and more inclined to conceal their personal aspirations and intentions in the middle of quoting scriptures and classics, and this obvious tendency, distinction and gap not only needs to be particularly clear in understanding, but also needs to be deeply discerned, analyzed, and remembered.

During the alternation of the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, Emperor Wen Cao Pi was talented and beautiful, and his evaluation of him in the past was a little too derogatory, saying that he was far from Cao Zhi. In fact, Cao Zhi is quick thinking, talented and handsome, especially in poetry, and the chapter list is outstanding. However, Cao Pi is thoughtful, soothing, and does not try to be famous, his music is particularly fresh and high-spirited, and the "Classics and Treatises" are even more speculative. Therefore, in view of the artistic talents of the two brothers, only by separating the short and long of the two can they distinguish between right and wrong. However, the general world's praise and disapproval of talents, and the habit of echoing them, are not all discerning. Therefore, Cao Pi was respected as an emperor, and his literary talent was looked down upon; Cao Zhi is in an embarrassing situation, and his literary skills are multiplied and praised in vain, all of which are not rational and true artistic evaluations. In addition, Wang Cang, who was their contemporary, was equally talented, quick and meticulous in his writing, with a wide variety of contents, and few cumbersome and protracted words. Therefore, if you want to evaluate who has the highest literary achievements among the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", it must be Wang Cang. Moreover, like Chen Lin and Ruan Yu, they are famous all over the world for being good at writing and writing, Xu Gan is praised by the people of the time for his treatises on rhetoric, Liu Zhen is "self-exalted" and has a flying literary talent, and Ying Ling is talented and excellent in learning and handsome in poetry. Others, such as Lu Cui and Yang Xiu's mastery of writing notes, and Ding Yi and Handan Chun's circulatory discourses, are known for their talents and works. In addition to the above, there is also Liu Shao's "Zhao Dufu", which can catch up with the masterpieces of the previous generation; He Yan's "Jingfu Palace" is enough to set an example for future learning. Ying Xuan is witty and witty, and uses "One Hundred and One Poems" to show his ambition; Ying Zhen is proficient in righteousness and shows her talent with "Lindan Fu". Ji Kang is ingenious and makes up high theories; Ruan Jiyi commanded the qi and composed poetry. They chose to use different styles and forms, and expressed their common aspirations and long-cherished wishes; They each stretched their different literary wings, headed in the same artistic direction, and soared together.

Entering the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhang Hua's poems are full of energy, fresh and smooth, and his "Wren Fu" has a profound meaning, similar to Han Fei's "Difficult to Say". Zuo Si is a genius and far-sighted, his "Sandu Fu" is shocking, and "Song Epic" is outstanding, only these two masterpieces have made him exhausted. Pan Yue's quick thinking and fluent rhetoric are reflected in his wisdom and wisdom in "The Expedition to the West", while other mourning texts such as "Mourning Poems" are heartfelt expressions of true feelings. Lu Ji is erudite and thoughtful, and his words are wide-ranging, and although the article is cleverly conceived, it is too complex to be overly cautious. Lu Yun is cheerful and capable, and he is well versed in the pros and cons of simplicity and complexity, so his writing is bright and clean, and he is good at short chapters. Sun Chu has a lot of thoughts, although he is used to expressing his chest directly, he can still dredge smoothly. Zhiyu's statement of thoughts must follow the way of heaven and be gentle and elegant, and his "Essay Flow" is not only decent, but also brilliant. Fu Xuan's inscription masterpieces, the content is mostly exhortation and warning, his son Fu Xian is sparse and discussed, quite a righteous family style, their father and son are pillars, not the foil of fashion flowers. Cheng Gongsui has made more endowments, and it is a temporary beauty. Xiahou Zhan's works copy the scripture template, which is almost detached. Cao is good at writing long poems, pure and beautiful, while Zhang Hanxi writes small poems, which are clear and true. The brothers Zhang Zai and Zhang Xie are indeed comparable in terms of literary talent and work achievements, and the situation is just like the "Analects of Zilu" said, "Lu Wei's politics, brothers." ". Liu Kun's works are magnificent, Lu Chen's writing is deep and reasonable, but the characteristics of both of them are caused by the pressure of the current situation.

Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was talented and eloquent, with elegant thinking, ranking first in the Jin Dynasty; His "Southern Suburbs Fu" is a grand spectacle, and "Poetry of Wandering Immortals" is like a fairy. Yu Liang writes chapters and tables, thoughtful and smooth; Wen Qiao's notes and books, follow the reason, fresh and smooth, they can be called skilled craftsmen among literati and artists. Sun Sheng and Gan Bao are both good at compiling historical materials, although they take what they need, but they both follow the style of "Classics" and "Training" in the "Book of Shang", so they seem to have their own doors, but in fact, they have similar literary styles and family styles. Yuan Hong is far-sighted, but he is biased and perverse because of his excessive excellence. Sun Sui's poems follow metaphysics, although they are decent, but they are dull and tasteless. Yin Zhongwen frankly showed the "lonely Xing" mood in "Nanzhou Huan Gong Jiujing", and Xie mixed in "You Xichi" rippling "leisure" charm, although they blew away the thick clouds of "talking about Xuan" that have been entrenched in the literary world for a long time, but in the middle of their poems, it is still obvious that the residual clouds are ethereal. So, although they are regarded as pioneers of new cultural trends, their works are not as good as they could be.

As for the literati of the Liu and Song dynasties, their poetry and literature are also numerous and mixed, because the times are relatively recent and the influence is profound, it is self-evident, so there is no need to screen them one by one.

Throughout the Eastern Han Dynasty, the literary talent is almost the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty. The literary world of the Jin Dynasty is basically comparable to Jian'an literature. However, in the Cao Wei period, the hot topic and advocating goal of writers was the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's "Yuan Feng"; After the Liu Song Dynasty, similar literary and artistic theories were mostly the topic of "Jian'an" in the late Han Dynasty. Why? In fact, it is not because these two eras particularly advocate literature and recruit talents, but the truth that "the times create talents" is the same in ancient times and today.

All in all: talents are too rare and mysterious, and their personalities are different; But once he admired literature and art, he was born all over the world. Sweat cows are full of wandering, and there is no end to the noble and comfortable; Let the spring flowers look at the eyes, and the autumn harvest is fruitless.