In the existing literature, all the works marked with "Zhuzi" are generally words and sentences used by famous sages and great virtues who have sealed the coffin in the past, to expound personal insights and express their own feelings.

According to the record of "Zuo Chuan • Twenty-four Years of Xianggong", the uncle of Lu Guofu Sun Bao (Ji surnamed Shusun Leopard in ?-537 BC, known as Uncle Muzi or Uncle Mu in Shishu) once said: "There is virtue in the Tai, followed by meritorious service, and then there is speech." Although it has not been abandoned for a long time, this is called immortal. ”

Ordinary people, accustomed to living in mixed places, daytime and mundane affairs, day and night physical and mental fatigue, generally difficult to say meritorious deeds. The so-called gentleman, who reads and learns, is in the world, and often grieves his heart, nothing more than his merit and reputation, which is difficult to show; Among them, only those who are wise and intelligent, and who are talented, have written books and spoken and have been famous for thousands of years, like the sun and the moon shining brightly on the world. Like the Yellow Emperor's ministers Feng Hou and Li Mu in ancient times, and Yi Yin, the minister of Shang Tang, this is the case.

In ancient times, the literary writings of famous scholars who could name the sons were just some legends and rumors at first. It was not until the Warring States period that they were compiled into the book one after another and began to be widely and permanently disseminated. It is said that the ancestor of the Chu State, Mane Xiong, had already enlightened the Tao and Mingzhe, and King Wen of Zhou once asked him for advice, and this good story was later recorded in the book "Mane". "The Mantle" should be the earliest anthology to include the word "son" in the title of the book. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Li Boyang, an official of the Zhou Dynasty, was familiar with ancient etiquette, and Confucius once paid a special visit. Therefore, the book titled "Lao Tzu" aims to interpret the concept of morality, and has always ranked first among the hundred schools of thought. Actually, judging by the historical story. Mane Bear should only be regarded as a friend of King Wen of Zhou, while Li Er can only belong to Confucius's teacher. They all wrote about each other, as contemporaries of the sages and celebrities. Their works, either called "scriptures" or "sons", are not exactly equal in their substantive status and nature.

In the Warring States Period, when the Seven Kingdoms were fighting fiercely, all kinds of heroes and heroes flocked out. Meng Ke adheres to the Confucian style and preaches self-denial and revenge; Zhuang Zhou relied on the Dao Feng fairy bones and called for free flight; Mo Zhai adheres to thrift and love, and practices the top of the heel; Yin Wen (a native of Qi c. 360-280 B.C.) was a speculative thinker of name and reality, and was keen on self-government; Ye Lao (Qi Chu hermit in the Six Kingdoms wrote agricultural books) focused on the right time and place, and was good at economic farming; Zou Yan talks about the five elements of yin and yang, seeking to shock the world; Shen does not harm and Shang Ying, and implements criminal law governance; Guiguzi agitated the mouthpiece and liked to talk about it; The corpse leader is good at learning from others and exploring the space-time universe; Qing Shizi (a descendant of the legendary Jin historian Dong Hu) barnyard official customs, recording street conversations. In the future, there are really countless anthologies and miscellaneous books that are either inherited from teachers or attached to the above types of sects. And all of their celebrities can rely on a skill, not only high-ranking officials, but also show off for a while.

After the Qin State ruled the world, Qin Shi Huang was violent and tyrannical, although the books were burned, but the "Zhuzi" anthology rarely affected. After the founding of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty (Liu Biao, the 12th emperor of the Western Han Dynasty from 51 BC to 7 BC) paid special attention to the remains of ancient books. "Seven Strategies" can be described as a nine-stream collection, among which there are more than 180 titles of "Zhuzi". Since entering the Wei and Jin dynasties, although incisive remarks like Zhuzi have occasionally appeared, they are mixed with too many roundabout and untrue things, and even complicated and trivial. If they are brought together, the filling box will be filled, and the car will not be loaded.

Throughout the books of the sons after the Qin Dynasty, although there are many of them, they summarize their subject content, they all repeatedly expound morality and etiquette, and they are even inseparable from the topic of governance of the people of the country. If they are classified, they can all belong to the branches of the Five Classics. Therefore, those who are elegant and upright in their content must conform to the scriptures, while those who are disorderly must deviate from the scriptures. For example, the article "Moon Order" in the current "Book of Rites" is obviously taken from the "Ji" of "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period"; And the article "Three Years of Questions" in the "Book of Rites" means Xunzi's "Theory of Etiquette". These are all those who are in accordance with the scriptures. Another example is that in "Zhuangzi • Inner Chapter • Getaway", "Tang Zhiwen Thorn" already exists, "Kunpeng spreads its wings for 90,000 miles", and in "Liezi • Tang Wen", "Tang Zhiwen Ge" sees "mosquito eyelashes have the sound of thunder"; In "Zhuangzi • Miscellaneous Chapters • Yang Rules" there is an infinite exaggeration of "snails fighting two horns and thousands of dead bodies", and in "Liezi Tang Wen", there are extremely strange stories of "Yugong moving mountains" and "Longbo crossing the sea"; In addition, there is also a strange saying in "Huainanzi Tianwenxun", there is a strange saying that the co-workers and the co-workers are fighting, and the co-workers can't create the Zhou Mountain, so that the sky and the earth fall. It's all a deviant mess. Therefore, there are indeed reasons and reasons why some people regard the hundred schools of thought as absurd.

Needless to say, in the Shang Dynasty's "Returning to the Tibetan Sutra", which clarified "Yili", many magical and strange stories were also told, such as Houyi shooting the sun and Chang'e running to the moon. Since this is still the case in the classical scriptures, it is said that the sons should not be blamed for seeking perfection. However, such as the "six lice" theory in "Shang Junshu • Order" and the "Five Worms" in "Han Feizi", they obviously openly spurn the moral value of filial piety, benevolence and righteousness. Therefore, it is not without a certain reason to look up to Shangjun and die of a split car, and to look down on Han Fei to swallow medicine and die. Moreover, like Gongsun Long's "white horse is not a horse" and "the lonely calf has never had a mother", etc., he thinks he is clever and eloquent, but his essence is not logical. Therefore, Gongzi Mu said that his vision was limited, and he was not casually arguing.

In addition, according to the "Book of Han • The Biography of the Six Kings of Xuanyuan", when Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, King Dongping once borrowed "Zhuzi" and "Historical Records" from the imperial court, but was refused. The analysis of the reasons lies in the fact that there are indeed too many tactics in the "Historical Records", and there are more sophistry and cunning techniques in the "Princes". Therefore, when studying the hundred schools of thought, the learned people should grasp the main outline, not only to appreciate the beautiful and elegant flowers and fruits inside, but also to consciously abandon the color and smell of evil in the middle. Only with such a kind of rigor, sobriety, and consciousness can we achieve the attainment, refinement, and enlightenment of sages and scholars.

Among the hundreds of schools of thought, the remarks of "Mencius" and "Xunzi" are righteous and elegant; The books of "Guanzi" and "Yanzi" are clear facts and concise language; The "Liezi" document is ambitious and fantastic; "Zouzi" talks about the sky, and the heart is full of words; "Mozi" and "With the Nest" are frank and simple in semantics; "Corpse" and "Wei Xuanzi", the righteousness is understandable but the argument is slightly clumsy; "The Crane Crown" is a story of astronomy, interlocking and meaningful; "Guiguzi" is a number of yin and yang, meticulous and flexible and witty; "Wenzi" (Wenzi's surname is Xin's name, Ji Ran's birth and death year unknown, the Taoist patriarch and Confucius at the same time) are eloquent, concise and important; "Yin Wenzi" argues the name of the sentence, which is particularly exquisite; "Shenzi" analyzes the legal theory, and is famous; "Han Feizi" is thoughtful, and the examples are vivid and profound; "Lu Lan" is far-sighted, and the system is huge and comprehensive; "Huainanzi" is eclectic, with prosperous rhetoric and brilliant writing. This is not only the essence of their thoughts, but also the general idea of their language style. As for others, such as Lu Jia's "New Language", Jia Yi's "New Book", Yang Xiong's "Fa Yan", Liu Xiang's "Shuo Yuan", Wang Fu's "Theory of the Hidden Husband", Cui Wei's "Political Commentary", Zhong Changtong's "Changyan", Du Yi's "Youqiuzi", etc., some describe classic thoughts, and some expound political power; Although some of them are titled "Treatise", their content still belongs to the sub-categories. Why? This is because the "Zhuzi" books usually deal with a relatively wide range of things, and the focus of the "treatises" is generally only the argumentation and explanation of a certain aspect of a certain thing or many affairs. Therefore, it is more appropriate to classify all the individualized viewpoints and arguments that have affected many aspects above as "Zhuzi".

Tracing back to the origin, in the late Spring and Autumn Period before and after the Six Kingdoms, because of the proximity to the sages and great virtues, the frequent appearance of the sons and masters of the famous people, they can still be mavericks, so they can not only talk highly, but also be able to stand on their own. However, after the two Han Dynasty, the character momentum of the so-called "Zhuzi" tended to decline weakly, although Confucianism and Taoism became more and more distinct and the hundred schools of thought were prominent, but the successors were accustomed to clinging to and depending, and it was difficult to be unique. This is a significant change in the cultural atmosphere near and far, how can it not make people sigh and sigh! With the changes in the world and the ill-fated fate, the grand ambition of the sons to write books and speak can only take the heart of the ancient way, and it is really impossible to appear again after a thousand years? The world, all things in the world, such as gold and jade, even if they have been shattered, their fame and prestige should not die with it.

All in all: the eldest husband was born in the world, and he is a maverick. Speculating on all things, carving articles; Look up to the heavens and the earth, and the heart of the universe. If the moral character is spoken, abide by the enlightenment and teaching; Let the portals be lined up, and there is a way to dare to speak up and steal.