The climate in the Arctic region is cold all year round. The Arctic Ocean is a vast frozen ocean surrounded by numerous islands and coastal areas of North America and northern Asia.

The North Pole is the northern end of the Earth's axis of rotation, which is the point at 90° north latitude. The Arctic region refers to the area near the North Pole within the Arctic Circle at 66°34′ north latitude.

In winter, the sun is always below the horizon and the sea is completely frozen. In summer, temperatures rise above freezing, the marginal areas of the Arctic Ocean melt, and the sun hangs in the sky for weeks on end.

The Arctic Ocean is rich in fish and plankton, which provides a rich source of food for the millions of seabirds that nest here in the summer.

It is also food for seals, whales and other marine animals. Most of the area around the Arctic Ocean is relatively flat and there are no trees growing.

In winter, the ground freezes and the ground is covered with a thick layer of snow. In summer, the snow melts, the topsoil thaws, and plants grow and bloom, providing food for animals such as reindeer and musk oxen.

At the same time, predators such as wolves and polar bears also survive by preying on other animals. The Arctic is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the world.

For thousands of years, the Inuit (formerly known as the Eskimos) have multiplied here. Oil was found here, so many people came from the south to work here.

Antarctica is divided into two parts: East Antarctica and West Antarctica. East Antarctica extends from 30°W to 170°E and includes Coates Land, Queen Maude Land, Endby Land, Wilkes Land, George V Coast, Victoria Land, the Antarctic Plateau, and the Pole.

It covers an area of 10.18 million square kilometers. West Antarctica is located between 50° and 160° west longitude and includes the Antarctic Peninsula, Alexandria Island, Ellsworth Land and Bird Land (Mary Bird Land), covering an area of 2.29 million square kilometers.

Antarctica has only a few scientific expeditions and whaling teams from other continents. Antarctica is the only polar region in the world that has land.

The meridian, also known as the meridian, is an auxiliary line hypothesized by human beings for the convenience of measurement, and is defined as a semicircular arc on the great circle line connecting the north and south poles on the earth's surface.

Any two meridians of equal length intersect at the north and south poles. Each meridian has its corresponding numerical value, called longitude, which indicates the east-west position.

The trajectory formed by the rotation of the earth at a point on the earth's surface is called the parallel. All the parallels are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the meridians, which indicate the east-west direction.

The weft is shaped as a circle.