Chapter 60 Lithium-ion Batteries

When Wang Yinan was in school, he did not study electrochemistry, but as a branch of chemistry, electrochemistry can be simply understood as the chemistry in the battery, in fact, modern electrochemistry is basically for the service of batteries.

Compared with theoretical physics, electrochemistry is more like an empirical science, and the so-called kinetic equations of electrochemistry are nothing more than matching various input and output parameters together, and then using empirical formulas to fit the experimental data.

The essential role of batteries is electrical energy, a form of energy storage and release.

Wang Yinan focuses on the research of lithium batteries, because lithium atomic number is 3, it is the lightest metal, so it is used to carry energy is also the most efficient element, and lithium ion is the most suitable carrier of electrical energy.

Lithium batteries mainly include three parts, the cathode, which is mainly composed of graphite materials, lithium ions leave when discharged, and lithium ions are embedded in graphite materials when charging.

The anode, which is mainly a compound of lithium, is dominated by lithium iron phosphate, which is embedded when discharged and leaves when charged.

Electrolyte solutions, including liquids, polymers, and the latest solid electrolytes.

Judging from the current research, everyone is trying to increase the energy density or increase the speed/number of charging and discharging under the premise of ensuring safety, which is also easy to understand, either a battery can provide more energy, work longer, and run farther, or a single charge takes less time.

Of course, in addition to this, there is also a big problem, which is the gap between the laboratory and mass production, for example, in the laboratory, a battery can be used to talk all day, but the cost may be ten times that of the current commercial battery, and such a laboratory product has no practical significance.

Wang Yinan is ready to find a unique way to solve the problem from a different angle. He knew that the latest advance in chemistry was the molecular machine. Under normal circumstances, molecules are maintained by strong covalent bonds between molecules, and atoms share electrons through covalent bonds, and the formation of covalent bonds requires many conditions, so the types of compounds that are natural in the real world are limited.

Even when synthesized, stable compounds have a variety of limitations.

However, scientists always have their own whimsical ideas, they use photochemical complexes as materials, using copper ions as glue, and with the help of copper ions, the photochemical complex forms a wonderful chain, and after the chain is formed, scientists take the glue-copper ions away, and new stable mechanical bonds replace covalent bonds to lock the two molecules together.

As a result, scientists use various metal ions as glue, combined into a molecular elevator that can lift itself to the height of more than a dozen molecules, molecular muscles, which can pull up a very thin metal film, and even molecular trolleys, which are composed of molecules with four wheels, which can continue to move forward under the irradiation of light.

What Wang Yinan wants to do is to build his own molecular mechanical engineering.

He pulled Li Wenjing and Zhao Keqin, "The first thing we have to do is to find all the literature on molecular machines and all the experimental data."

"The earliest idea of molecular machines came from the great mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist Feynman," said Wang Yinan.

Li Wenjing interrupted him, "That, I remember that these titles are not talking about yourself?" β€œ

Wang Yinan said without changing his face, "What I want to say is the one before me, yes, it is the man named Feynman",

"He was barefoot, wearing a pink polo shirt and beige shorts, and in a presentation, he turned to the audience and said, now let's talk about the possibility of making extremely tiny machines with moving parts".

About Feynman, there is one of the most popular jokes about IQ crushing, talking about the first atomic bomb explosion, after the flash, Feynman calmly walked out, threw out a handful of confetti, looked at the distance where the confetti fell, and then directly reported the yield of the explosion, compared with the results of the last multiple instrument measurements, the error is negligible.

Feynman was the first to conceive the possibility of making a molecular machine, and of course, the earliest reports of molecular chains should have appeared in the fifties and sixties of the last century, but the earliest well-documented paper on molecular machines should have come from Jean in Gaul. Pierre. Savage.

"So, let's start with his paper in 1983 and collect all the papers in this field," Wang said.

"When we use molecules as raw materials, various metal ions as binders, and specify the light of the chromatogram, or a specified current, or a specified temperature as the conditional input",

"Analysis in this restricted field of formalization using the GΓΆdel system",

"As long as there is enough data, we can get the way to make molecular machines with specific structures, such as the metal ions used, the power source, and the various properties of the structures formed."

"Taking it a step further, if we combine these structures to encode them, we can make molecular machines execute the instructions we want them to execute."

Li Wenjing also understood, "That is to say, we choose the basic materials and adhesives, and apply certain external procedures, such as heating to 54.3 degrees Celsius, using blue light with a wavelength of 436 nanometers for 25 seconds, then using 4.2 volts of direct current for 20 seconds, and then irradiating with a wavelength of 400 nanometers of violet light for 20 seconds。。。。。。 β€œ

"After a series of steps, it is possible to obtain the complex molecular structure that we want."

"Completely correct", Wang Yinan said, "further, if we analyze the relationship between the electrochemical properties of various electrodes and electrolytes and their molecular configurations",

"I understand," Li Wenjing said, "that we can make these molecular structures have the electrochemical properties we want."

"It's not that simple", Wang Yinan said, "The electrodes or electrolyte materials used in batteries are rarely directly used for molecular weaving".

"However, we can still have the electrochemical function we expect by carrying functional elements to form complex molecular structures while still having the desired electrochemical function," Li immediately added.

Wang Yinan glanced at Li Wenjing angrily, "Don't you want to be so smart, can't you let me enjoy the pleasure of being crushed by IQ."

"Cut, on the night of the full moon, the top of the Forbidden City, Ye Gucheng also has to have a Ximen Blowing Snow as an opponent, no one understands you, isn't it very lonely."

"Hey, I found out that you are also very narcissistic", Wang Yinan said,

"Do you say I'm Ye Gucheng or Ximen blowing snow",

"Nonsense, I'm so beautiful, Simon Blowing Snow must be me",

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The progress of the formal work is not so smooth, molecular mechanical engineering is too new science, and there is too little relevant literature, for the interaction between light and matter, the interaction between electricity and matter, as I said before, the problem of mesoscopic world is an N-body problem that tends to infinity.

Everything is difficult at the beginning, Wang Yinan decided that all the strength of the entire group was used to overcome the first molecular elevator reported in 2004, this function is moving in one dimension, which is very advantageous for formalization, and relatively speaking, the cyclic molecular component of rotaxane is the simplest molecular mechanical component.

Even if Ximen Chuixue and Ye Gucheng are facing a completely new field, for example, let them compete with Lu Xiaofeng? It's not much better than a beginner, all concepts and nouns need to be redefined, and getting the GΓΆdel system to understand these terms is also a very difficult job, and time passes day by day.

In the blink of an eye, the model acceptance meeting of the 116 institute is about to begin, in order to show the importance of Ronghe company, this time they invited the entire Ronghe company to participate in the flight control system team, Wang Yinan thought for a while, molecular mechanical engineering is a long-term work, and there is no hurry at one time, so he pulled a large number of people, and the entire theoretical group and software/hardware group of people were pulled to Shudu.

After soliciting everyone's opinions, this time I didn't let 116 book air tickets, everyone took the high-speed rail to go, just to see the good scenery of northwest China, along the way you can also play cards, bragging, very comfortable. After playing poker for a while, Wang Yinan's face was covered with notes, "Don't do it, don't do it", he shouted, "You are obviously bullying me."

"As a CEO, enlivening the atmosphere is your basic function," Li Wenjing said.

"What could be more pleasant than to ravage a guy who is usually arrogant and commanding."

"I'm going to show you some memory, this is a trick I played in elementary school", Wang Yinan took out the poker, "Come, come, which of you will draw one of each suit",

"Put it away, don't let me see it". Wang Yinan said, "I look at the rest of the poker and know which ones to draw."

Sun Wei didn't believe it, "I'm coming", he took four cards and put them in his pocket.

Wang Yinan took the rest of the poker, one by one, there were words in his mouth, he didn't look at it slowly, almost less than a second of poker, less than a minute, Wang Yinan called,

"Ace of spades, three of hearts, five of diamonds, and,, you yin me, and imps!"

Sun Wei took the poker out of his pocket, the ace of spades, the three of hearts, the five of diamonds, and Xiao Wang...

"Damn, boss, how did you do it", Sun Wei was completely convinced. "It's definitely not as difficult as I imagined, let me see," Li Wenjing said.

"It must have something to do with the words in his mouth, and the number of memories at the same time cannot be fifty-six, and the limit of a normal person is about ten."

Without waiting for Li Wenjing to continue his analysis, Wang Yinan raised his hand and surrendered, "Okay, okay, it's actually very simple, whoever wants to learn the auction memory method, I'll teach someone today."

After a "fierce" bidding, Sun Wei successfully won the auction with a dozen Cokes, and he pulled Wang Yinan aside with great interest, "Quick, tell me how to get it, go to the bar another day to make a girl."

"Quite simply, what is the largest number from A to K?" Wang Yinan asked,

"J is 11, Q is 12, K is 13, and the biggest is 13," Sun Wei said.

"Then we need to use the hexadecimal, 1 plus K, what is the result of the hexadecimal?" , Wang Yinan continued to ask,

"Yes 10", "Correct, remove the high position",

"That's 0",

"5 plus K, remove the high position", Wang Yinan continued to ask,

Sun Wei's reaction was not slow, "That's 18 minus 14, that's 4",

"OK, remember to remove the high position, J for 11, Q for 12, K for 13 hexadecimal arithmetic", Wang Yinan said,

"Use the order you are familiar with to remember the four suits, for example, the order of the bridge black and red square plum, the first four numbers are 0000", Wang Yinan picked up the poker and began to explain,

"King of hearts", "four numbers become 0K00",

"5 in spades", "four numbers become 5K00",

"3 of hearts", "four numbers become 5200",

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"At the end of the day, if there were no more than one card, the four numbers would be 7777". Wang Yinan said,

"If it turns out to be 6K05, it means that the ace of spades, the 8 of hearts, the 7 of diamonds and the 2 of clubs are missing."

"Two ghosts are very simple, one less you should always have an impression",

"I don't need to teach you the rest."

"Understood", Sun Wei said,

"This is too simple, the boss is mighty", after speaking, Sun Wei began to practice with words, it seems that soon, the little prince of the night game will have another flirting skill.