If we look at history from the perspective of the present, especially the history of science, everything follows a specific trajectory and proceeds in an orderly manner. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

For example, Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect, and the blackbody formula gave a big hole in the tree of classical mechanics. Planck's hypothesis gave the slogan of 'heresy' to revolutionize physics, which led to the birth of Einstein's hypothesis of light quantum, and became the first pioneer to attack the classics.

Of course, Newton's and Maxwell's equations are still deeply rooted, and Einstein is like a small moth, gnawing hard at classical physics.

God created light, and Einstein told everyone what light is, and one finally saw the nature of light.

Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional, and if the frequency is higher, the wavelength is shorter. If the frequency is lower, the wavelength will be longer.

The frequency is directly proportional to the energy of a single light quantum, the higher the energy, the higher the frequency; The lower the energy, the lower the frequency. This is the true meaning of Planck's formula, and the proportional coefficient of proportion is Planck's constant.

Compton is the person who saw the nature of light, and when he studied the scattering of X-rays by free electrons, he discovered a strange phenomenon, scattering X-rays, some of which have the same wavelength as the original, and some of which are longer and less frequent than the original wavelength.

It's like a doctor looking at a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) with a very conspicuous heartbeat shift in the middle of a smooth ECG, and he investigates the problem.

If you look at light as a small ball, electrons are also seen as small balls, and when they collide, the energy of the light balls decreases when they collide. The frequency becomes lower, the wavelength increases, and this problem is solved!

When the X-rays are scattered by free electrons, a part of the photosphere collides with the free electrons!

This side confirms Einstein's theory that light is a small particle. Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect and the report of Compton's X-ray experiments were just a clarion call for an attack on classical mechanics.

Lattice structure, Doppler effect of anode rays, X-ray radiation, and so on are endless, and 'quantum science' is like a volcano about to erupt.

There is no doubt about the volatility of light! Double-slit interference experiments with light can be done in almost any middle school lab!

And light is a particle! It's a small ball, not only with energy, but also with impulse! It is an important result of the Compton effect. He proved that light is particles.

However, the area of God, which has not yet had time to be smeared, opened the tip of the iceberg, and with the emergence of the "electron diffraction phenomenon", scientists were completely confused, and the scientist who proposed that the electron is a phase wave is called de Broglie.

He came from a prominent French aristocratic family in France, and he had Louis in his surname, a word that one would surely understand if one knew the history of France, representing his glorious family history, the surname of a French duke. It represents the romance of swords and flowers.

His elder brother was the 6th duke, and he was the 7th duke.

After getting tired of the aristocracy, he suddenly became interested in physics, and used the power of his family to study with the famous physics master Lang Zhiwan and study for a doctorate in physics.

A gentleman who studied history became a doctoral student in logistics, and his family was so strong that Paul Lang Zhiwan could not refuse, and there was no oil and water in his stomach, which was a symbol of de Broglie.

Such a person is the apprentice Paul Lang Wan, what can he learn?

When he was about to graduate, like all college students graduate, he put together a paper that was only one page long! The shortest doctoral dissertation in history! Three of the four judges judged him to be "suspected of plagiarism." ”

"It's hilarious! Is electron a wave? You also deduced the de Broglie wavelength formula? Are you sure it's not when you're exercising on a servant girl, and your brain is pumping, so you can tease our intelligence! Even if your father is a Duke of France, even if he is now a cabinet minister! Such a funny paper, we can't pass either! ”

"There is no specific formula in this paper! He didn't come up with the formula, although we could see it at a glance! If so, give him a degree! What is the face of our University of Paris! ”

"Proof! Where is the evidence? We need evidence to back up your arguments, and you're on this page! How do you let me through? ”

Facing the roar of the three professors of the University of Paris, de Brogé smiled, sorted out the delicate head shape, and said with a smile: "My father is a cabinet minister, a duke!" Think through what you say! ”

"Ridiculous! This is the University of Paris, and even your father can't make conclusions for us! ”

Of course, after a skilful debate, in the summer of 1924 de Broglie received a doctorate in science from the University of Paris, and the specific archives of dialogues and debates could only be glimpsed in later generations.

De Broglie's mentor, Paul Langevin, made good use of his connections and wrote a letter to Einstein, saying: "...... The above is de Broglie's graduation thesis, and by the way, the father of the doctoral student is the Duke of the United Kingdom, who is a cabinet minister. (The ink on the original manuscript here is too thick to be clear)..., you will definitely be treated with ceremonies when you come to France in the future. ”

Of course, Paul's letter was written by De Broglie in order to let his younger brother graduate, "forced" Paul Lang Zhiwan, Einstein saw this paper, and his face showed a wry smile.

The meaning of this letter is obvious, this paper, if you don't say that the paper is good, then don't come to France!

Of course, Einstein looked at Paul Lang's face and gave a good review.

"You can pass it."

When he read the funny story that was only one page and read it carefully, he was secretly frightened, and he could write a few big words through four strokes.

"This paper has opened a corner of the curtain."

On this basis, Paul forced de Broglie's dissertation, entitled "A Study in Quantum Theory", on this basis, and he only put forward a conjecture that everything can be waved, which is quite comical.

Schrödinger, another great god of physics, saw this paper and realized the top mastery - "Wave Dynamics", which created a magnificent quantum era, and "Davidson" and "Gemo" used experiments to confirm that electrons have waves, and Thomson and Davidson completed the diffraction experiment of electrons on crystals.

De Broglie was the first to win the Nobel Prize in Physics for his doctoral dissertation, and he did so for a paper paper.

The image of the playboy in his early years has long been ingrained, and Einstein's high evaluation and the continuous argumentation of his original comical conjecture - everything can be waved. He also began to work hard.

A group of people put him on the altar, and this encouragement of becoming a god made him feel that that piece of paper was promising, and he published 25 books on matter waves, and he was also a national academician of 18 countries. He is an honorary doctorate from six universities in Europe. These six universities are well-known in Europe.

This stems from the fact that electrons, atoms, neutrons, and other microscopic particles all exhibit waveability! People name the fluctuations of this physical object "de Broglie waves", that is, material waves.

The electron has a diffraction phenomenon that only occurs in a "wave", and the electron source emits a flow of electrons of a certain energy, hitting the surface of the nickel single crystal, and on the receiver, it is a schematic diagram of the same wave as multiple concentric circles, which means that the electron has waves. It made all the scientists scratch their heads greatly.

Bright and bright are waves, and the result is particle-like. Electrons are small particles, but they show volatility! This kind of trouble almost made all the logisticians, the already rare hair on their heads, even rarer.

De Broglie was asked what he thought of such a phenomenon.

"Today's radiation physics is divided into two views, particles and waves, and these two extreme views should be unified in one way or another, rather than always and sharply opposed -- which is not conducive to the development of theory."

His answer did not offend either the fluctuators or the micropticists, the typical image of a peacemaker with mud, but it was this hypothesis that led to the thinking of ignoring scientists, after all, no one can win the Nobel Prize with a paper.

The wave-particle war is hot on the earth, and what Zhu Cheng wants to use is the characteristic of electrons, which are also fluctuations and particles, to complete his capture of single atoms.

The leader of the Affiliated College of Intelligent Science is Zhu Cheng himself, whether it is Daystar or the quantum computer that will be released soon, it is an important weapon of the country, and it cannot leak a little rumor at all.

If it is known to the capitalists, or to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, his technology is likely to be leaked.

Do you want to use all kinds of hole cards in your hand to fight a war of destruction with the world? He's not a saboteur, so he decided to keep it a secret until there's deeper, more advanced quantum technology.

"By trapping atoms in a magneto-optical trap that consists of a specific gradient magnetic field combined with a polarized laser, we have now managed to capture ten atoms to the tenth power in a magneto-optical trap. It's just waiting for you to continue our experiments. ”

This is the experimental report given to him by his laboratory assistant, a doctoral student from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, although he is also a doctoral student in his title, but no one dares to underestimate his current scientific status.

How big is ten to the tenth power? It is about the same as the total number of people on the earth, which is not enough to complete the experiment of single-atom quantum states, and he still needs to take only one scoop of weak water for 3,000.

The easiest way to catch a single atom is to make a very small trap, so small that it can only hold one atom!

PS: The schematic diagram of the discovery principle of the Compton effect has been passed on to the group sharing. Today's single update explains, because the work is a little busy these days, no accident, tomorrow will be three more, to make up for today's update. (To be continued.) )