Firm, persistent. They have been using their brains to share a shared joy, and the computer can calculate the distance between the stars and also come up with the ultimate boundary. When I mentioned these, there was a look of pride, Liao Dawei. "When we were a few PhD students together, we discussed the process by which a star explodes and becomes a white dwarf, a black dwarf, a neutron star, and a black hole."

Hao Qiuyan increased his interest, "Let's hear it." ”

Let me briefly rephrase:

Fang Wei: The interaction between the sun and the earth is achieved by the graviton transmitted by gravitational waves(1) The essence of the gravitational fieldThe study of electromagnetic theory shows that the exponent of the distance r in the law of gravitation must also be "2", and there is no electricity acting on the ball! Although the magnitude of these two forces is so different, the two-point charge trajectory is an ellipse in a conic curve, such as the pulsar NP0532 in the Crab Nebula, which has a radiant power of only 1038 ergs/s: ε≤6×10-16.

Huang Yutong: According to the law of universal introduction, the method of introduction is proposed. Its temperature is extremely high (.5 times the macroscopic representation of the thermal motion of microscopic particles within an object), and the electrons will detach from the nucleus. Denser stars have the ability to regain pressure and pressure, and stars with less mass will mainly evolve into white dwarfs, while stars with higher masses may form neutron stars. A white dwarf is a low-luminosity, high-density, high-temperature star; Because of its white color and relatively small size, it was named a white dwarf. Even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate temperatures of thousands of degrees K, and it is unlikely that black dwarfs can exist.

In the later stages of the star's evolution, a large amount of material is ejected, and after a large amount of mass loss, if the remaining mass is less than 1.44 solar masses, the star may evolve into a white dwarf. The formation of white dwarfs is also believed to be the predecessor of the planetary nebula (a ring or disk-shaped substance in the universe composed of hot gas, a small amount of dust, etc., and its center usually has a very hot star - the central star), its nuclear energy has been basically exhausted, and the entire star begins to slowly cool and crystallize until finally "death". The so-called death is to become a black dwarf, that is, the temperature becomes similar to that of the surrounding universe, and it becomes a very dense but very difficult object to observe.

The black hole has a large radius before collapse, its center of mass is far away from its surface, and the light emitted from the surface can overcome its gravitational pull, and the radius decreases after the escape collapse, and even the light on the surface cannot overcome its gravitational pull and escape.

Yao Wei: The sharp contraction causes the core density to increase sharply, so the escape velocity also increases. Eventually the gas becomes so hot that when the hydrogen atoms collide, they no longer bounce off but converge to form helium.

Take a cup as an example, the gravitational force on the cup is also very large, called gravity, figuratively speaking, imagine a very massive stone placed on the surface of a spring bed, representing a very dense black hole. The epitaxial gravitational pull of a single nucleus is insignificant, and nature always uses the simplest law to construct itself: the attraction of atomic nuclei to electrons, the Coulomb force, is never endless, and this binary star system should be able to emit gravitational waves.

This is the most basic common sense, black holes seem to be in a state of hunger forever: is it possible that there are some such celestial bodies in the universe, which is why black holes are "black", it is likely to have infinite gravitational pull. For 300 years, so many people have explored gravity, and now the conclusion is as simple as this - gravity is the extension of the electromagnetic force between protons and electrons.

Wang Weijia: The Weber detector works at room temperature (about 27 °C), and due to the limitation of molecular thermal motion noise, the maximum sensitivity can only reach the minus 16 power of 10, which is not yet possible to detect gravitational waves. In fact, the entire development of electrostatics was made on the basis of borrowing and using the existing achievements of the theory of gravity. For details, please see: Gravity and the Earth's gravitational forceIn the solar-terrestrial system, the neutrino flux borne by the Earth towards the Sun is weaker than on the backsolar surface, and the resulting impulse force just cancels out the centrifugal force of the Earth's motion around the Sun.

Xiang Huaiming: Because the radiation power will decrease on the way to the ground, everything in the universe today will be unrecognizable. In the same way, there is only one positively charged proton in the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, and the distance r from the surface to the center becomes smaller after the collapse, so the light on its surface cannot escape; We can't see its surface, so it's called a "black hole", and it absorbs the surrounding matter because the matter will no longer escape when it gets close to its surface, just like light.

Hao Qiuyan smiled 'hehe', "It's a pity that it's not my major." ”

Liao Dawei sat on the chair and crossed Erlang's legs, "Rao Yi is better at using his brain than me, he said, especially those who have studied science, there is no such thing as a future scientist, in fact, English means that the future cannot be studied, but it can be said nonsense, it is already the name of experience, and futurists are pseudoscientists." ”

"There is a difference between nonsense and hypothesis."

"Yes, science is rigorous, and it is possible to hypothesize, which is in line with the starting point of science; If only Midi were here, he was the best student I've ever met in all these years. ”

This sentence is like gamma rays penetrating the universe, and the lethality is relatively large; Hao Qiuyan's heart spasmed, and his brain seemed to become amnesia. Liao Dawei realized that he had touched his sore spot, and he couldn't help but feel a little annoyed; After a period of silence, I saw that the action of drinking tea was also coherent.

Liao Dawei, "Didn't you go to see her?" ”

Hao Qiuyan, "Who?" ”

"Fu Yushu."

"Not yet."

Nanjing in August, it is rainy, and it is a day of fragrant osmanthus flowers. Storm.

Hao Qiuyan wore a dark blue T-shirt and passed by the door of the submarine sonar research laboratory, Jiang Xuehong greeted him and stopped. Li Zhuping walked out of the laboratory, the three of them sat under the parasol and chatted, brought them a few cups of lemon tea and mango juice to Jinglan, said a few words, and went back to the office. Since becoming a leader, Hao Qiuyan has changed a lot, and the state of three regardlessness in the early years has disappeared and has become easy-going. He smiled at Jiang Xuehong, not to talk about the topic, but to talk about the way she walked, and to imitate, "Carrying a bag, swinging her hands, and swaying it." Like a little demon. ”

Jiang Xuehong was not angry, but she smiled happily, and said proudly: "I usually see you with a straight face, and you look very low-key, but it is the first time I see you smiling." The eyes, in particular, were full of melancholy and swarthy. ”

Hao Qiuyan was lazy, "My eyes are full of confidence, even proud tranquility. It's the first time I've heard of it with a straight face, so I'll laugh more, so as not to mess up my popularity. ”

Jiang Xuehong disdained him, "I hope." ”

Hao Qiuyan accentuated his tone, "What do you mean?" Treat me like a flounder. ”

Jiang Xuehong glared at Hao Qiuyan with her eyes, and said matter-of-factly, "Don't talk nonsense, flounder is a strange fish, and the ancients often compared it to loyal love. ”

Hao Qiuyan smiled, "Long knowledge, listening to your words is better than reading ten years, I thought it meant that my eyes looked at the sky." ”

Jiang Xuehong expounded her inner longing, "Does this need to be more serious?" Whether it's a river or a sea, I don't know who can live forever? ”

Hao Qiuyan pursed his lips, "You're talking about mermaids, that's a myth and legend." You are a fanciful, romantic, righteous and sometimes childish person. ”

Jiang Xuehong nodded at him and said noncommittally, "You got it right, I like mermaids." ”

Hao Qiuyan concluded, "There are many legends about mermaids around the world, which are very beautiful and moving. No matter what it is, there is no eternal life, and the universe cannot live forever. ”

Jiang Xuehong thought for a while and said, "Full stop is immortal." ”

Hao Qiuyan smiled arbitrarily, "The full stop is created by people. ”

Jiang Xuehong's face was cute, thinking about how to fight with him, and she looked very cute: "Then you say, why can't the universe live forever?"

Hao Qiuyan felt that this topic was a bit difficult, and if he wanted to explain it clearly, it would take a long time, so he briefly summarized, "This question is not easy to answer, Tai Chi is Wu Ji, and Wu Ji gives birth to Tai Chi." ”

Jiang Xuehong didn't give up, "It's a sale, don't say it, I'll ask Professor Liao." ”

He had no choice but to obey, "Okay, okay, I said." It's hard to answer about the origin of the universe, just as it died, and that's all Professor Liao can say. Now all the arguments in the intellectual circles are also hypotheses, and in recent years, some 'bulls' in physics have debated this. Some believe that no matter how long we go back, the universe has always existed; Others hold the opposite view, believing that something must have happened that led to the creation of the universe. Both sides claim that the observational evidence supports their own opinions, so the conclusion seems to have been out of reach. In my opinion, the truth is very simple, I wonder if the explosion created the universe, or the universe created the explosion? ”

"Fit your character, like the sword to go sideways; It's the same thing to lay eggs with chickens, and eggs to lay chickens. ”

"No, it's the eggs first, the chickens later."

"Who lays eggs without chickens?"

"That's what happened, Darwin said."

"What did Darwin say?"

"I was told by a dream last night."

Hao Qiuyan deliberately dealt with Jiang Xuehong, so she was a little speechless, so she had to say angrily, "It seems that you are really delirious, and it is you who prove that the earth is round." ”

Seeing that she was a little angry, she raised her hand to apologize, "OK, OK, I admit defeat." It's not that Darwin said, but that some foreign scientists have clarified the answer to the puzzle after studying the fossilized dinosaur eggs: the egg first, the chicken later. So, the puzzle now is: was it the dinosaur or the egg?

"It's hard to answer, it's still a twist."

"Professor Rao Yi said, 'It is a miracle to produce genetic information according to the law of evolution to guide the assembly of human beings'; he is standing on the perspective of the unknown human beings, and the scale on our life scale is still very low. Life in the world is only a finger, at most 36,000 days; Even if there are tens of thousands of mansions, it needs to be three feet wide to sleep. People are flowers in a pot, and life is a mess. Look at Jiang Xuehong, who is still unfinished, "Why bury bones in the mulberry ground, which loess does not bury people." It's still the same topic, the universe really exists, why fight for your life and death, can't you do it! ”

Jiang Xuehong can be regarded as grasping the topic, "Dude, you are mistaken, and you are still pretending to be a cultural person." That is, why bury bones in the mulberry ground, where is life not green mountains. What Professor Rao Yi said is very level, but when it comes to you, why did you deviate? ”

Li Zhuping was also laughing when he heard the argument between the two, and he was very happy. Hao Qiuyan continued, "It was a flash of inspiration just now, and the epiphany was just a feeling, and I often didn't think about the meaning of the context; Of course, this is not a flaw, just a little less secular in its senses. To open up the awkward situation, I'll tell you a story: say, there is an old man, who sprinkles a piece of silver light on the earth, and you will see a sphere rising on the horizon, and on it is a wood-grained figure, which is a fixed mountain range. It only reflects the morning light in the other direction, the rays of the true sun. The old man played the violin slowly, he was George Enescu, and a magnificent sight appeared in the universe and became radiant - "Romanian Rhapsody". ”

Jiang Xuehong pouted: "I'm still listening like a fool, it turns out that you are telling fairy tales, ignore you", stood up and left.

Li Zhuping: "This kid is very good, he loves to laugh and make trouble, and he will be fine after that."

Hao Qiuyan: "Such a person is very good, and he won't pretend to be troubled in his heart."

The basic theoretical achievements are gradually transformed into applied technology, and the technology is gradually accumulated, and finally a breakthrough is produced. It is unrealistic to want to make results in a very short time, and you have to do it step by step. The role of theories and monuments is to accumulate from the foundation, gradually upward, and yard into the shape of a pyramid. Theory is the guiding direction, and the monument is the symbol of the spire.

The dawn expands and brightens at an extraordinary rate, as if the rising sun is about to make up for lost time. Looking into the distance where the dawn appeared, he saw that the horizon emitted a blinding glare and curved upwards to form a perfect arc across the field of vision. The rising sun, how exciting it is for you, the sun rises and falls again and again in life, and then the moon rises and falls again and again, what a beautiful alternating picture, the so-called original ecology is like this.

The next day, Liao Dawei came back with images, which proved that it was a supernova explosion in the constellation Taurus, and that the wandering planet did not exist. Scientists are searching for answers to the search for extraterrestrial life. Sophisticated telescopes look around the space over and over again, keeping an eye on key constellations day and night; Or rediscover stars, planets, asteroids, and comets from a new perspective, observe places that humans have never been able to reach, and search and peek into strange and new worlds.