Many readers told me that they didn't know about shaman culture, so in order to better understand this book, I have compiled the information and introduced it in detail for readers who don't understand. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info (This chapter is not an update, it will be updated at 7 pm!) ）

Shamans are generally divided into professional shamans and family shamans (also known as family shamans). The former is to provide religious services to all people in the whole society in their personal capacity, and they mainly perform exorcism, divination, begging, and presiding over red and white ceremonies for their employers, and receive corresponding remuneration, which has a certain degree of professionalism. The latter are designated clergy who provide religious services only to members of their own clan in the tribal clan organization, and such people are usually the same as ordinary clan members, and also engage in their own labor and production as usual, and only when the members of the clan need to do so and turn to religious activities such as worshipping ancestors, making wishes to the gods, recounting the historical merits of ancestors, begging for blessings for members of their own clan, etc., they basically do not receive remuneration for their religious services to members of their own clan, and they basically refuse to provide any religious services outside their own clan.

Both professional and domestic shamans can be held by both men and women, and the various religious rituals they perform are exactly the same, but with the increasing male dominance in society, there are very few female shamans in the existing shamans today. Shamans are known as intermediaries between gods and humans, and the biggest difference between them and other religious clergy is that they can use their personal bodies as a medium for information communication between humans and spirits.

There are two main ways to use this medium: one is that the gods are the main body, and the spiritual world invites or seduces the gods through shamanic dancing, drumming, and singing, so that the gods are attached to the shaman's body in the so-called 'possession' way, and through the shaman's body to complete the communication with mortals;

These mystical rituals are known as the "Jumping God" or "Jumping Shaman". In the process of completing the above-mentioned mystical rituals, all shamans will exhibit physical states such as coma, aphasia, trance, and extreme excitement, and when such physiological states appear, they are called "lower spirits", "lifting spirits" or "channeling spirits", and in the academic field they are called "shamanic coma" or "shamanic hypnosis". In this way, shamans convey people's prayers and wishes to the gods, and can also convey the will of the gods to people. The shaman's professional pursuit is also to master the secrets and abilities of super life forms in various spiritual ways, and obtaining these secrets and divine powers is a kind of life practice of the shaman.

Ancient Chinese historians did not use the term "shaman", but only called it "witch" in writing, and called shamanic religious rituals "dan dan" or "cooking rice". In the Xiongnu era, shamans played a certain role in politics and military, and all wars or other events in a state of hesitation ultimately depended on the shaman. A shaman must have a lot of common sense or knowledge, be able to observe the development of things, predict the future, and dare to predict good and bad luck. The same is true of Rouran, but his biography is not as brief as it is narrated. The shamans of the northern peoples are very different from the witches of the Han people in the Central Plains, but the basic process of the spiritual ritual is the same. Five generations later, due to the Northern Song Dynasty's ban on "playing duan", the witches in the Central Plains were basically replaced by Taoist French style or temple fairs, and occasionally a few remnants were passed down among the people, and after centuries they evolved into today's "Wu opera".

Shamanism is a folk belief that has developed on the basis of primitive beliefs. Among the many ethnic groups of the Altaic speaking family, Manchu, Tungus, Mongolian and Turkic languages in the northeastern and northwestern border regions of China, the Oroqen, Evenki, Hezhen and Daur peoples still preserved their faith in the early 50s of the 20th century. It has had a significant impact on the production, life and social customs of these ethnic groups. Because the Tungusic language called shamans shamans, hence the title. Shamans were once believed to have the ability to control the weather, prophecy, dream interpretation, astrology, and travel to heaven or hell.

It is generally believed that shamanism originated in the primitive era of fishing and hunting. The theoretical basis of shamanism is animism. However, until various foreign religions were introduced one after another, shamanism almost monopolized the ancient altars of all ethnic groups in the north of our country. Its influence is deep-rooted among the ancient ethnic groups in the north of our country.

Shamanism is the most well-preserved in Korea, and Shintoism in Japan is also a variant of shamanism. A type of primitive religion that survives in the late period. Once widely spread among many ethnic groups of the Altaic speaking family, Manchu, Tungus, Mongol, and Turkic languages in the northeastern and northwestern frontiers of China, the Oroqen, Evenki, Hezhe, and Daur peoples preserved their faith in the religion until the early fifties of the twentieth century. Because the Tungusic language called shamans shamans, hence the title.

Shamanism is based on the premise that the visible world is full of invisible forces or spirits that affect the lives of living beings. Unlike any other form of animism, becoming a shaman requires professional knowledge and ability.

Many scholars have come to a conclusion through the synthesis of geological and archaeological data, the records of historical documents, and the folklore of various regions: Chinese shamanism originated from the Dongyi-Jiuli-Chiyou tribe, and after the Hanquan War, it moved south to barbarian and north to Hu, and there are shamanic cultural relics in the customs of ethnic minorities in the north and south. Buddhism became popular after the 14th century among shamanistic groups such as Tibetans (known to Tibetans as Bon), Mongols, and Manchurians. The religious form of shamanic rituals combined with Tibetan Buddhism was institutionalized as the state religion by China's Yuan and Qing dynasties. Although shamanism almost disappeared a century after the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty by the Republic of China, it is still possible to find the shrine where the imperial family worshipped shamanism and performed ceremonies in the Forbidden City in Beijing.

In the god-dancing rituals of the shamans of various ethnic groups in Northeast China, although the shamans of different ethnic groups have different procedures, and even different clans, the basic procedure is exactly the same: invite the gods - to offer sacrifices to the gods; séance - calling for the arrival of the gods with the sound of drums; Receiving the gods - after the gods possess the body, the shaman speaks on behalf of the gods; Sending the gods away - sending the gods away. In this way, inviting the gods (sacrificial sacrifices), séance (removing the soul), receiving the gods (relying on the spirit), and sending the gods constitute the basic structure of the shamanic rituals of the Altaic peoples.

The essence of shamanism, like other religions, is about the belief and worship of gods, so it should not be excluded from religion. Shamanism establishes various specific beliefs and worship objects in religious consciousness, and establishes a pattern of religious behavior between these objects, such as communication, use, prayer, worship, or defense, expulsion, and fighting, and the social organization in which the shaman serves, restricts and regulates the common beliefs and various religious behaviors of the society, determines the social role and social role of the shaman, and uses them to serve the real social life order and social organization system. Therefore, shamanism should be regarded as a social and cultural system that takes belief concepts and objects of worship as the core, the customary religious experience of shamans and ordinary believers, standardized beliefs and worship behaviors, and blood or regional relations as the form of activities.

The dancing god in the shaman, the dancing god is generally carried out in three situations: first, to heal people; second, to teach a new shaman; Third, a ritual to worship the gods is held. The shaman's ritual of dancing to heal people is as follows: in the evening, in the "Senren Pillar", where the sick live, people sit around and light a woody plant in front of the dancing god, giving off the fragrance and purifying the dirty air so that the deity can come.

At that time, the shaman wears a sacred robe and a hat, holds a drum in his left hand and a mallet in his right hand, and sits cross-legged in the special position of "Ta Lilan" in the northwest corner, and the patient sits in the southeast position. The shaman begins to beat the drum before inviting the gods, his eyes are half open and half closed, and after a few yawns, he gets up, beats the drum, jumps, and sings in an extremely deep tone. The shaman sings a verse, and the "zale" (two gods) and the people who participate in the god-dancing ritual are accompanied by the chorus.

The drums tightened, the shaman's jaw trembled, his teeth rattled, his eyes closed, and his body swayed, showing the pain of being possessed by a spirit. At this time, someone took out a ball of red-hot coals and placed it in front of the shaman's feet to guide the gods. The shaman's drum beats suddenly stop, and the body trembles, which is a sign that the god has possessed the body.

At this time, it was the ancestral god who possessed him, and asked through the mouth of the shaman, "What is the matter with you inviting me?" "Zale" and the patient's relatives replied: "Because someone is sick, the ancestors are alarmed to come to see a doctor." Then the shaman beat the drum and chanted again, and by inviting the gods one by one, he found out which god the sick person had offended. When the shaman mentions the name of a god, the sick person trembles, thinking that the god is haunting the sick. Sometimes, the god of evil thought that he had done it through the mouth of the shaman and asked for some kind of sacrifice, and the patient's family quickly agreed, promising to repay the vow when he was cured. Some shamans see that the patient's condition is serious, so they let the patient** lie on the bed and spray boiling water on his body, which is called "Alqin Dalan". If it is believed that the soul of a critically ill patient has been taken away by an evil god, the shaman must use the power of the ancestral gods to go on an imaginary expedition to the battlefield to fight the evil spirits and take back the patient's soul so that the patient can be saved. Depending on the severity of the patient's symptoms, the shaman dance time can be as short as half an hour or as long as 1~2 nights. Some shamans are not fierce and evil, and they ask other shamans to come and dance the gods.

The god of dancing has been preserved more as a national art. The official title is: Shaman Dance. Shamans are Manchu shamans, and shaman dance is a dance performed by shamans in activities such as praying to the gods, offering sacrifices, dispelling evil spirits, and curing diseases. It is said that this witch dance was once popular among the peoples of northern China in ancient times. The Manchu people call the shaman dance as "dancing the house god" or "burning the flag incense", when performing, the shaman ties a long bell around his waist, holds a drum or a single drum, and invites all the gods in the sound of the drum swing bell. After inviting the gods (commonly known as "god possession"), that is, simulating the characteristics of the invited gods, as a performance of various gods. For example, please come to the "Eagle God", to imitate the eagle to fly, peck at the offerings; Please come to the "Tiger God", to jump, pounce; Or dancing and playing with lit incense in a dark and mysterious atmosphere, which means that the "God of the Golden Firmament" has been invited. The Mongolian people call the shaman dance "Bo" and "Bo dance". The shaman's hat has an eagle ornament, and he wears a skirt with streamers, and nine bronze mirrors tied around his waist to show his divine power and mana. During the performance, a single-sided drum is used, with one shaman as the main performer and two shamans as the accompaniment to the drumming. The dance mostly imitates the movements of birds, beasts and various spirits, and finally performs "playing drums and spinning". This is the "shaman dance", commonly known as "dancing gods" and "moving poles".

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