Time flies, and in the blink of an eye, another five years have passed. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

During this time, in addition to the regular development of civilization, Noah was also engaged in a vast project.

That is, the construction of the Ringstellar Particle Collider.

According to the metaphor of the Dancer civilization, an important sign of the transition from a Type 1 civilization to a Type 2 civilization is the complete transformation of mass to energy.

In Noah's existing theoretical system, if we want to completely realize the law of conservation of mass and energy and achieve the complete conversion of mass to energy, there is only the double annihilation reaction caused by the collision of positive and antimatter.

Noah's current level of civilization is very close to Type 1.90, which is very close to the apex of Type 1 civilization, so Noah believes that there should be no way in Type 1 civilization that he doesn't know to achieve the transition from Type 1 to Type 2, so the girl doesn't think that her direction is wrong.

The conversion of mass to energy has always been the field that human civilization and Noah devoted himself to researching, and this field has great value and potential, and the first time mankind recognized the great power of mass and energy conversion was the two atomic bombs dropped by the United States of America in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in World War II.

Six days after the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and surrendered unconditionally to the whole world.

It can be said that the end of World War II was the two atomic bombs that initially applied the principle of mass-energy conversion to human beings.

The atomic bomb is only the most basic and crude use of mass-energy conversion, it only hits the heavy atom through neutrons, so that it fission into a light atom with a small relative atomic mass, and a small part of the mass lost in the fission process is converted into energy under the control of the law of conservation of mass and energy.

The hydrogen bomb that realized fusion and energy release in the later stage was only the opposite, exchanging the mass lost in the process of fusion of light elements to heavy elements for energy.

The epoch-making controlled nuclear fusion is only a controlled use of this fusion reaction.

In the universe, the boundless sea of stars illuminates countless river systems, and the fusion reactions that occur inside are also there.

Nuclear fusion is a natural phenomenon in the universe in which mass is converted into energy.

However, in this preliminary mass-energy conversion method, the conversion efficiency from mass to energy is extremely low, and the fusion reaction that occurs in the hydrogen bomb has a conversion efficiency of less than 0.7%......

In the later stage, the controllable nuclear fusion was slightly improved, but even with Noah's current multi-stage heavy element fusion, the mass-energy conversion efficiency was still less than 4%......

After all, no matter what kind of fusion you have, it is always just a fusion reaction, and the process of continuous fusion of elements with relatively light atomic mass into heavy elements, it will always have new heavy elements, and this part of the heavy elements is the mass that has not been converted.

Even in the most intense and complete fusion reaction in the universe, the supernova explosion, the mass-energy conversion efficiency will not exceed 5%......

This is the limit of nuclear fusion, and it alone will never be able to support the energy needs of a Type 2 civilization.

Antimatter, on the other hand, is different.

Antimatter, in physics, refers to negatively charged matter with an antiatomic nucleus composed of antiprotons and antineutrons. Antinucleons (antiprotons and antineutrons) make up anti-atomic nuclei, anti-nuclei and positrons make up anti-atoms, and various anti-atoms make up various antimatter.

Antimatter is the anti-state of normal matter. When the positive and antimatter meet, the two sides will annihilate each other and cancel each other, and the total mass of the positive matter with its equal mass will be completely zeroed, and this part of the mass will be completely converted into energy through the mass-energy conversion equation (e=mc^2), and its conversion efficiency is -100%.

This reaction can occur in any state, as soon as an anti-nucleon and a positive nucleon meet, and annihilation cancels out. The universe we live in is basically composed of positive matter, that is, as long as antimatter is exposed to the environment, irreversible annihilation will occur. So in a conventional environment, the presence of antimatter is not found.

In the particle collision experiment, when the energy level of the collider reaches a certain level, the mass-energy conversion process can occur, and new positive matter and antimatter will be born at the same time, and the total amount of the birth of these two substances must be equal, and the antimatter will have an annihilation reaction with the matter in the particle collider at the moment after birth, so it is difficult to capture and preserve.

In the history of previous civilizations, antimatter preservation methods have also been studied, usually by creating a vacuum environment where there is no positive matter, and preserving it through magnetic field constraints, but things like antiprotons, even if they do not undergo an annihilation reaction, will quickly decay on their own, and it is technically and theoretically difficult to achieve long-term preservation.

The reason why human beings are eager for antimatter technology is not only the desire for 100% utilization of material energy, but also because after having antimatter, any positive matter can be used as an energy source, and it will no longer be limited by the types of elements in the fusion reaction, and everything on the periodic table can be annihilated with antimatter to release energy of the same mass.

In other words, with antimatter, everything can be a source of energy except for the void where there is nothing.

This is the type 2 civilization, and the source of their energy is everything that can be touched in the universe.

But because "everything" can be used as a source of energy, the annihilation reaction of positive and antimatter is uncontrollable, if there is no external force to separate the two substances, they will continue to undergo violent to terrifying mass-energy conversion reactions, just like old enemies, the two substances can never live in peace, and will only end up together in the process of exerting energy beyond the supernova explosion.

Antimatter is arguably the most perfect nuclear weapon, but it is not suitable as an energy source.

At least with Noah's current level of technology, Noah doesn't know how to achieve a controllable annihilation reaction with stable output power.

But even so, the study of antimatter is necessary, the impossibility of the construction of the Dyson sphere makes Noah have to find a more efficient way to obtain energy, and possibly as a symbol of the transition from Type 1 civilization to Type 2 civilization, Noah must also master it as much as possible.

Looking back at the history of civilization, only antimatter has appeared in particle collision experiments, and the ring-star particle collider in the Gliese 581 galaxy is a thing of the past, so Noah must build a particle collider again in the water committee system.

and the first main-sequence star of the Water Commission, and the red dwarf star of Gliese 581...... There really isn't any comparison between the two in terms of volume.

Noah's preliminary estimate is that the length of the Ring Stellar Particle Collider will exceed 3 billion kilometers, which is 10 times that of the Ring Stellar Particle Collider in the Gliese 581 system......

In fact, considering the upgrading of materials technology, the new ring-ring stellar particle collider will no longer need to be so far away from the star, but the water committee is really a very special star, its rotation rate is quite fast, so fast that centrifugal force has pulled its overall shape into an ellipsoid, and above the stellar equator, a ring formed by stellar matter also disperses its mass.

During Noah's investigation of the Hydro 1 planetary system, he found that the ring of stellar matter thrown by the star rotated too fast was not stable, and part of the mass of the star left the stellar bondage under the action of another star and went to another star.

It is an associated star 12.3 AU away from the main sequence star of the Water Commission, and it is stealing the mass of the Water Commission.

However, there is still a huge gap between the masses of the two stars, and the long distance makes the mass stealing process inefficient.

Although the mass stealing process does not affect the construction of the particle collider, because the collider needs to be far away from the halo of stellar matter of the water commission, this has lengthened the circumference of the particle collider to a certain extent, but this is not a bad thing under the premise of sufficient productivity, after all, the particle collider is originally the bigger the more valuable.

But in just five years, it was only enough for Noah to produce one-thirteen arc parts that could make up the particle collider, but just such an arc component could almost be assembled into the previous Gliese 581 ring stellar particle collider.

For such a result, the girl can only feel helpless, the production efficiency of a galaxy's industrial production chain is limited, the regular development of civilization still needs the support of productivity, in order to cope with the possible war, the construction of the galaxy fleet cannot be stopped, this is a process that takes time.

However, the girl does not feel that it is not worth it, although the workload of building a particle collider is huge, but the reward is also quite rich, in addition to the particle collider's research help at the microscopic level of elementary particles, the additional effect of producing antimatter itself is also of great value, in Noah's calculation of the model of the particle collider found that if the collider is at full power 24 hours a day, the daily output of antimatter will be able to reach grams.

Don't think that antimatter in grams is very rare, looking back at the history of mankind, all the antimatter produced by human beings from birth to extinction has not exceeded ten grams.

In the 21st century, before the advent of controlled nuclear fusion, the production of antimatter was basically negligible, because in that era, even if all the large hadron colliders in the world operated uninterrupted for 1,000 years, they could not get half a gram of antimatter.

Treating antimatter as an energy source is something that countless people only dare to think about.

But even if the production of antimatter has been "breakthrough" increased, it is impossible for Noah to use antimatter as an energy source, after all, the energy released by the annihilation reaction of the antimatter created in the particle collision experiment is far less than the energy invested in the experimental process, and using the antimatter obtained in the particle collision experiment as energy is like exchanging a million bricks for a gold brick, but the gold bricks are used to build a house.

Noah can't do something so mentally retarded.

The antimatter obtained from the particle collision experiment will mainly be supplied to Noah's research, and if there is a surplus of antimatter reserves, Noah will consider developing antimatter weapons.

Antimatter weapons are an extreme of quality weapons, in the face of antimatter weapons, all material technology has lost its meaning, neutron star material shell and cotton in the face of antimatter there is no difference, because they are all positive matter, will be annihilated by antimatter, in the face of antimatter torrent, everything we know will cease to exist.

However, if you want to develop antimatter weapons on a large scale, it is also after Noah successfully became a Type 2 civilization and found a way to obtain antimatter with low cost and high efficiency...... After all, if you smash people with gold bricks, the smasher may hurt more than the smashed...... Distressed.

This is a process that takes time, but Noah is not in a hurry, thousands of years have passed, and the girl can still afford to wait.

And there will always be some hiccups in the development of civilization, when Noah was fine-tuning the 13th arc of the collider, a message was fed back from 20 light-years away.

It was half of Noah's stellar fleet, sending a message about the encounter with the Kara civilization fleet.

(To be continued.) )