readx;?。 Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 info The prayer rites and official priests of Rome divided their gods into two categories.

The first category is the Roman primitive gods ('diindigetes').

The second category was introduced at a certain time in Roman history in response to a great tribulation ('denovensides\').

The first group of gods had their own priests very early in Roman history, and in the calendar they had fixed days of celebration, and there were 30 gods of this type.

In addition to these 30 gods, Rome had a special group of gods from very early on, each with their own special tasks, such as being in charge of harvesting.

Some of the ancient rituals performed when plowing or sowing show that there is always a god attached to each operation, and generally the names of these gods are also derived from the verb of this operation. These gods can be called the helpers of the Lord God.

The early Roman belief was not really a polytheism with many gods, which tended to have only one name and one role, and their divine powers (\'numen\') were very single-minded.

The great gods of Rome and their celebrations show that ancient Rome was not just an agrarian society, but they were also very warlike and often fought wars. These gods showed the needs of the daily life of Roman society at that time. They enjoy the necessary rituals and sacrifices.

For example, Janus and Vesta guard the gate and stove, Lares protects the land, houses, fences and penny, Satan protects the sowing, Sells protects the growth of grain, and Pumna protects the fruit and protects the harvest. Even Jupiter, the lord of the gods, was revered for his Ganyu to protect the manor and vineyards.

Through his lightning weapons he was considered the master of humanity beyond all else, and through his vast territory he was considered the protector of the Roman army on expeditions beyond its borders.

Among the important early gods were Mars and Quirinus, who were hardly distinguishable between the two. Mars was the god of young people and their activities, especially war, and he was worshipped in March and October. Modern scholars consider Quirinus to be the protector of peacetime warriors.

In addition to Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus (whose three priests were the highest ranking in Rome), the highest gods in the early temples were Janus and Vesta. These early gods had no personality, no personal experiences, no marriages, and no children.

Unlike the Greek gods, they were inhuman, so there are not many records of their activities. The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, is often said to have started this old ritual and is said to have been his companion and assistant to the Roman goddess of springs and births, Aegeria.

Later texts refer to Egeria as a narcissus. But something new was added very early. The Tarquin family is said to have introduced the three gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minova, who later occupied the most important place in the Roman religion.

Other new introductions include the Worship of Diana on Mount Alfendine and the Oracle of Zebu, a book of prophecy of the world that Tarquin is said to have bought from a prophetess at the end of the 6th century BCE.

The introduction of other gods

With the Roman occupation of the surrounding area, the nearby gods were also absorbed. The Romans revered the gods of the occupied territories as much as they did to the gods of Rome itself. In many cases, these newly introduced gods were formally invited to the new shrines erected for them in Rome in a dedicated ceremony.

In 203 BC, a relic representing Sibele was officially introduced to Rome from its original location. In addition, the expansion of Rome attracted foreigners, who were allowed to continue worshipping their own gods. This is how Mithra came to Rome, and he was popular in the army, so that his cult was brought all the way to Britain. In addition to Casto and Polox, Diana, Minova, Hercules, Venus, and a few other minor gods also came to Rome with the Roman conquest of Italy.

Some of these gods were inventions of Italy itself, while others originally came from Greek culture. Later each of the major Roman gods found a corresponding, more human Greek god, adding their attributes and mythology.

Rome as a god

Some temples were worshipped to Rome, which may indicate that a god was ordained to Rome.

But in reality it is a metaphor, a representation of giving the country a human touch. This humanization first appeared on a coin (\'nummus\') in 269 BCE. Outsiders may think that Rome has been deified by this, but in reality this is nothing more than speculation. To emphasize this metaphor, the Romans built the first temple for Rome in Smyrna in 195 BC.

Equally confusing is the deification of Roman emperors, such as Augustus the Great, and especially the religious rituals established for him by some Roman politicians.

Religious holidays

The Roman religious calendar reprints the adoption of the gods of the occupied territories by the Romans. There were very few religious festivals in the early Roman period. But some very early festivals were preserved until the last moments of the pre-Christian Roman Empire. These include the rituals of reproduction and atonement for sins of primitive agricultural peoples.

The coming of a new god introduced a new festival. Later, there were more holidays on the calendar than on weekdays. The most important festivals are Saturnalia and Lupercalia.

During the Imperial period, Saturnalia was held for 7 consecutive days from December 17 to December 23, which is also the time of the winter solstice. During this time all buying and selling stopped, slaves were temporarily freed, people exchanged gifts with each other, and many got married. The Feast of the Faun was originally an ancient festival to celebrate Lupocus, the Italian god of animal husbandry.

The festival is celebrated on February 15 in the Lupocus Cave on the hill of Hakurancho. The town of Bolun is the place where the legendary founders of Rome, Romo Lu and Lemo, were adopted by a wolf when they were children.

Roman legend says that a shepherd found the twins in a wolf's den and brought them home for his wife to raise them.

Roman Temple

The temples within the city of Rome reflect Rome's acceptance of other gods in the world. The oldest temples, such as the temple of the three gods Jupiter, Juno and Minova, built in 509 BC on Capitol Hill, are modeled after Etruscan temples.

Like the Etruscan temples, which stood on a high foundation, unlike the Greek temples, which had an upward staircase around the circumference, the Etruscan temples only had steps at the entrance. The surface of the temple is also different from that of the Greek temple, with its colonnades being darker than those of the Greek temples (there are six pairs in total), and there are colonnades only at the entrance, which had a circle of colonnades.

The temple is divided into several large rooms, each dedicated to a different deity. The temples of Isis and Serapis on the field of the god of war are masterpieces of late Roman religious architecture. They were built with Egyptian materials, and they were dedicated to Hellenistic Egyptian gods. Rome's most exceptional temples, the Great Temple of Jupiter and the Pantheon.

The Pantheon was built by Hadrian in the year of Hadrian, and it houses all the gods. It replaced a smaller, similar temple earlier. In 607 the Pantheon was transformed into a Christian church, and today it is the National Memorial of Italy, where St. Raphael and some of the kings who contributed to the unification of Italy are buried.

The Hellenization of Roman religion, and perhaps more importantly, the spread of Greek philosophy among the educated people of Rome led to the increasing neglect of the old rituals, and the status of the old priesthood plummeted in the first century BCE.

In addition to political necessity, many high-ranking aristocrats who were supposed to accept these positions from birth did not trust these rituals at all, and the poorly educated masses became increasingly interested in foreign rituals.

Despite this, the High Priest ('pontifexmaximus') and the soothsayer ('Augur') still had a high political status. Caesar used his position as high priest to exert political influence over the other priests.

Augustus the Great reformed and rebuilt the old religious system, and he himself brought together all the priestly duties in one. Although the old ritual (which was actually a bargain between man and God, in which man served God in exchange for God's protection of man) had nothing to do with morality, Augustus transformed it into the discipline of piety and religious belief as an institution to prevent internal unrest.

At this time, Virgil's long poem "Aeneid" popularized the legend of the founding of Rome by the Trojan hero Aeneas.

The reforms of Augustus the Great did not prevent the religion of Rome from becoming more and more focused on the worship of the Roman emperors, who were later deified after their deaths.

Before the establishment of the Roman Empire, this trend existed from the time of Caesar. Augustus, Geravius, Vespin, and Titus were all deified, and there were very few emperors after Nerva who were not deified.

During the imperial period, many foreign gods were very popular, such as the worship of the Egyptian goddess Isis and the Persian god Mithra, and Christianity spread as well.

Although Christianity was strongly persecuted during the reign from Nero to Diocletian, it continued to expand. Emperor Constantine, who ruled alone from the year, finally established Christianity as the state religion. From 392 onwards, Theodosius I decreed the prohibition of all other cults.

Major ancient Roman gods

Ancient Roman mythology had a deep influence on European culture, and the constellations in the sky were originally named by the Greeks after mythological characters and gods, but the current academic circles use Roman names.

Janus Janus, the door god, has two faces before and after or four faces in the square, symbolizing the beginning.

Jupiter Juppiter God-King. Corresponding to the Greek myth of Zeus Zeus.

Juno, the god Juno, corresponds to the Greek myth of Hera Hera.

The messenger of the god Mercury, corresponding to the Greek myth of Hermes.

Venus, the goddess of beauty and love, corresponds to the Aphrodite of Greek mythology.

Mars Mars, the god of war, corresponds to the Greek myth of Ares. But the image is much more positive than Ares.

Satun Saturn Jupiter's father, corresponding to the Greek myth of Coronus Kronus.

Maya Maia Mercury's mother, the goddess of flowers.

Diana Diana, the goddess of the moon, corresponds to Artemis in Greek mythology.

Apollo Apollo sun god, the same Greek and Roman name.

Minova Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, corresponds to the Greek myth of Athena Athena.

So the characters of Roman mythology and ancient Greek mythology are actually similar, but maybe some things are different.

Hecate: the goddess of the night, but also the goddess of ghosts and magic; The first god to appear, one of the founders of the world, created hell. represents the dark side of the world.

Gaia: The goddess of the earth, the god who appeared immediately after the goddess of the night, one of the founders of the world, created the earth, the sea, and the sky.

Uranus: God of the Heavens. Gaia's eldest son and husband, the first god-king. Overthrown by his son Kronos.

Cronus: The youngest of the twelve Titans of Gaia and Yurinus. The god of peace, who killed his father and became the second god-king. He was also overthrown by his own son, and later fled to Italy, where he became the god of agriculture.

Rhea: One of the Twelve Titans, wife of Kronos.

Oceanus: or Okeanos; One of the twelve Titans, the god of water. Gave birth to all the rivers on the earth and three thousand sea fairies.

Tethys: One of the Twelve Titans, wife of Oshennas.

Hyperion: One of the Twelve Titans, the god of light. Father of the Sun, Moon and Dawn.

Thea: One of the Twelve Titans, wife of Heprion.

Mnemosyne: One of the Twelve Titans, the god of memory. Mother of the Nine Muses (Goddess of Literature and Art).

Iapetus: One of the Twelve Titans. Prometheus, father of Epimetheus and Artelas.

Crius: One of the twelve Titans, the god of growth.

Themis: One of the twelve Titans, the goddess of order and justice. Goddess of Fate and Mother of the Four Seasons.

Phoebe: One of the twelve Titans, the goddess of the moon.

Coeus: One of the Twelve Titans, the god of intelligence. Phoebe's husband.

Prometheus: Son of the Titans Eprotus. One of the wisest gods, known as the "Prophet". Creator and protector of humanity. Because of the anger of Zeus, he was locked in the Caucasus Mountain, and every day vultures pecked at his liver, and then he grew again, and the cycle continued. He was later rescued by Heracles.

Epimetheus: Brother of Prometheus. One of the most stupid gods, known as the "Hindsight". Because she received Pandora, a gift from Zeus, as her wife, she flew out of the "Pandora's box" and various disasters such as illness and sin befell the world.

Atlas: Another brother of Prometheus. One of the greatest and most powerful gods. He was punished to the heavens for failing to resist Zeus.

Metis: Clever and beautiful female titan with prophetic powers. He helped Zeus seize the throne, but was later tempted by Zeus and lost his life to him. Finally, he was buried in the womb of Zeus.

The Twelve Lord Gods

Zeus: son of Cronus and Rhea; He is in charge of the heavenly realm and is the third god-king; Famous for being greedy and lustful.

Hera: Sister and Lady of Zeus, beautiful diva; The protector of marriage, especially of married women.

Poseidon: brother of Zeus; Take charge of the sea; Grumpy, greedy.

Demeter: daughter of Cronus and Rhea, sister of Zeus; The goddess of agriculture.

Hestia: daughter of Kronus and Rhea, sister of Zeus; The goddess of the virgin, who is not involved in government affairs, is the god of the stove and health, and is in charge of family affairs.

Ares: son of Zeus and Hera; God of War; Rough and bloodthirsty, but not a true warrior.

Athena: the product of the union of Zeus and Medes; the goddess of wisdom and the goddess of war; She is the embodiment of wisdom, sanity and purity.

Apollo: Son of Zeus and Leto, and Artemis is a twin brother and sister; Sun God; His full name is Phoebusapollo.

Aphrodite: god of love, beauty and desire; Born from the foam of the sea.

Hermes: son of Zeus and Maia; The fastest of the gods; The patron saint of thieves, the god of commerce, and the guide of Yellow Springs.

Artemis: Daughter of Zeus and Leto, twin brother and sister with Apollo; The beautiful huntress and the goddess of the moon, the patron goddess of youth.

Hephaestus: Son of Zeus and Hera, the only ugly of the gods, but his wife was Aphrodite, the god of love and beauty; the god of fire and forging, who made weapons and armor for the gods; Patron saint of blacksmiths and weavers.

Other gods

Hades: brother of Zeus; He is the god of wealth and the god of wealth; There is a hat that can be invisible; Cruel, terrible, but trustworthy.

Thanatos: Death; The son of the goddess of the night, one of the oldest gods, had a twin brother, Hippenos, the god of sleep; Hades' Chief Military Attaché.

Eris: daughter of Zeus and Hera; The goddess of discord is most fond of provoking discord, and her most famous achievement is provoking the "Battle of Troy".

Celles ceres the goddess of cereals and harvests, corresponding to the Greek myth of the Demeter of Demeter.

Vulcan Vulcan, the god of fire, the husband of Venus, corresponds to the Greek myth of Hephaestus Hephaestus.

Neptune Neptune, the god Neptune, corresponds to the Greek myth of Poseidon Posidon, the younger brother of Jupiter.

Pluto Pluto Hades, the god of Hades, corresponds to the Greek myth of Hades, the younger brother of Jupiter.

Cupid little Eros, son of Venus, corresponds to the Greek myth of Eroseros.

Aurora Aurora, goddess of dawn, corresponds to the Greek myth of Eos (to be continued. )