Whether it's an angel, Jesus, Jehovah, or a demon, anyway, when it comes to these, the first thing that comes to mind is Catholicism, and when it comes to Catholicism, then naturally it is not necessary to miss the Holy See. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

Throughout the ages, there have been countless papaculties, and the best of them is the Holy See, both historically and traditionally.

The Holy See developed from the ancient Roman Bishop's Palace, which was initially unfixed. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V established the departments of the Holy See, and the Holy See was formed.

Since then, the system of the Holy See has undergone several changes. The Second Vatican Council introduced a major reform of the Holy See's system.

The head of the Holy See is the Pope, and the members of the College of Cardinals have the right to elect or be elected as the Pope, which is divided into three levels: cardinals, cardinal priests, and cardinals.

In the narrow sense, the Holy See refers only to the highest administrative body of the Catholic Church, which mainly includes the Holy Ministries, the courts, the secretariats of the Holy See, the offices and councils, and some standing committees, all of which are authorized by the Pope to carry out their work.

The Holy Congregations of the Holy See include the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Congregation for Bishops, the Congregation for the Liturgy, the Congregation for the Clergy, the Congregation for Religious and Lay Communities, the Congregation for the Evangelization of All Peoples, the Congregation for Literature, the Congregation for Catholic Monasteries and Universities, and the Congregation for the Orthodox Church.

The courts of the Holy See include the Apostolic Tribunal, the High Court, the Supreme Court, etc. The Holy See is represented in some countries by diplomatic representation, divided into ambassadors and ministers, in some countries by personal representatives of the pope, and by representatives or permanent observers in some international organizations. The Holy See publishes the official newspaper of the Holy See.

In 392 AD, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I banned all paganism, and Christianity became the state religion of the empire.

After Christianity became the state religion, the Roman Church became a department or institution of the Roman Empire, under the jurisdiction of the emperor. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Roman Church began to break away from the control of the Roman Empire politically and gradually moved towards the peak of its power.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Roman Church remained at odds with the Ostrogoths, the rulers of Italy at the time, and remained subservient to the Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople.

However, due to the political and military influence of the Germanic barbarians, and the distance, it was practically impossible for Constantinople to achieve effective control over the papacy.

During the Germanic invasions, or in areas where the Roman administration had retreated or lost control, the Roman Church, as the last remaining political institution of the Roman Empire in Italy, represented the ancient traditions of Rome and Christianity at that time, and it stood on the ruins of the Germanic invasions, seemingly an eternal city that could not be destroyed by the barbarians, so that at the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, the Roman Church gathered a large number of Roman remnants around itself.

This greatly increased the prestige of the church. The Church of Rome thus began to become an independent political force.

In 536, the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom and regained rule over Italy, and the Roman Church returned to the control of the Roman Emperor, and from then until the middle of the 8th century, the Roman Church remained under the control (or nominal control) of the Byzantine Emperors, during which the vast majority of the popes were Syrians or Greeks, and the popes had to submit to the military rule of the Byzantine emperors.

The popes of that time were imprisoned by the emperor if they did not obey. However, the Church of Rome eventually got rid of the Byzantine Emperor and officially split with the Church of Constantinople due to the following three factors:

First, from the middle of the 6th century, the Germanic Lombards began to continue to invade Italy, constantly encroaching on Byzantine territory in Italy. Byzantine power was declining in Italy.

Around 751 AD, the Lombards captured Ravenna, the capital of Byzantine Italy. Byzantine forces were driven out of central and northern Italy.

This put the papacy under great threat to the Lombards, but it also freed them from their full subordination to the Byzantine emperor.

The second is that in 717, after repelling the Arab attack on Constantinople by the Governor of the Byzantine Military Region of Asia Minor, Lio forced Emperor Theodosius III to abdicate and ascend to the throne of Emperor himself, called Leo III (year).

In order to protect the interests of the new military aristocracy and stabilize the life of the soldiers, Leo needed a large amount of land and property, which was divided among military governors of all ranks, but most of the Byzantine lands at that time were in the hands of churches and monasteries, and they also enjoyed tax exemptions and exemptions from servitude, which seriously affected the country's taxation and the consolidation of the army.

In order to attack the Church, Leo declared his opposition to icon worship from 726 onwards, setting off a society-wide campaign for the destruction of icons. This is the famous "iconoclasm campaign" in Byzantine history.

In January 730, Lio convened a council of the Imperial Council and demanded that the monks and lay nobles sign a decree against the worship of icons, and those who refused to sign it were immediately dismissed. At this time, the Roman Church was resolutely opposed to this decree and openly broke with the Byzantine Empire.

In 731, Pope Gregory III excommunicated Leo III and all iconoclasts. In retaliation, Leo deprived the Pope of his taxing rights in southern Italy and jurisdiction over Illyria, and the "iconoclasm" campaign in Byzantium continued intermittently until 843.

The 117-year "iconoclasm campaign" of the Byzantine Emperor Theodora announced the resumption of icon worship, which completely broke the Holy See and the Byzantine Emperor, and also caused a complete split between the Eastern and Western Churches.

The third is that it was the Franks who played a decisive role in the position of the Roman Church. In 739 A.D., the Lombards attempted to conquer Rome under the leadership of King Lyutea, and Pope Gregory III repelled the Lombard attack on Rome with the help of Charles Matt, the court minister of the Frankish Merovingian dynasty.

In 754 A.D., Pope Stephen III, in order to escape the Lombards, crossed the Alps to join Pepin the Short, Charles Matte's son, and a win-win agreement was reached: Pepin provided military protection for the pope.

The Pope, on the other hand, officially recognized Pepin as the puppet monarch of the Merovingian dynasty and received the rightful title of king. In the same year, Pepin twice crossed the Alps, defeated the Lombards, and seized from them a large area of central Italy, centered on Rome and Ravenna, to which Pepin gave the Pope, including all of the Byzantine governor's territory in Italy, to the Pope in order to thank him for his recognition of the throne.

This is known as the "Pepin Consecration", and the establishment of the Papal States meant the formal political separation of the Roman Church from the Eastern Roman Empire.

In order to legitimize the establishment of the Papal States, the Franks (presumably Pepin and his men) forged some extremely important documents, such as the "Gift of Constantine", which was described as a fatwa issued by Emperor Constantine the Great of Rome, to the effect that when he founded New Rome (referring to Constantinople), he had given the Pope the old Rome and all its Western territories.

This gift, which was the basis of the papal secular power, was believed in by the people of the Middle Ages until the Renaissance, when the great Florentine historian and linguist Lorenzo Vala (1406-1457) denounced the document as a forgery.

Curiously, Lorenzo Vala was appointed secretary of the Holy See by Pope Nicholas V at the time, because the pope loved Latin so much that he couldn't get enough of Lorenzo Valla, the Latin master of the Renaissance at the time.

The Pope is the successor of the Apostle Peter, as is said within the Catholic Church. He is the leader of Roman Catholics around the world, administering the Church and preaching the Gospel on behalf of Jesus Christ.

Elected by cardinals for life.

The full titles of the pope are: Bishop of Rome, Living Representative of Christ, Successor to the Chief Apostle Peter, Patriarch of the West, Metropolitan of the Diocese of Rome, Vatican Sovereign, Pope.

The current Pope Francis is the 266th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

According to the charter of the Governing Church promulgated by Paul VI in 1967, the office in the Holy See is open to five years and can be renewed. Cardinals, chairmen of ministries, can retire at the age of 75 and must retire at the age of 80.

When the pope dies, the heads of departments resign voluntarily and await the reappointment of a new pope. The heads of departments are delegated decision-making and executive powers by the Pope, but the Pope retains the final decision-making power.

At the head of the Secretary of State of the Holy See, he is responsible for leading the work of the various departments of the Holy See and assisting the Pope in the management of the affairs of the Church throughout the world.

The Secretary of State works with the Church Public Affairs Council on foreign affairs.

The Secretary of State has two teams, one dedicated to preparing and writing documents for the Pope and the other for the custody of the Pope's seal.

The Council for Ecclesiastical Public Affairs is the equivalent of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is responsible for establishing relations with governments and managing the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad.

It was made up of cardinals (also known as cardinals), originally 70, but expanded to 137 in 1976.

In 1994, Pope John Paul II appointed 30 more cardinals with a total of 167 members. Represented on all continents. The College of Cardinals has a President, a Vice-President, a General Secretary and a Secretary.

In addition, there are several senior clergy in the Holy See and the local Church. Under the direct leadership of the pope, he assists in the administration of the Church, or acts as the pope's representative and legate to handle the affairs of the church.

Supreme Court - The court that oversees all churches in order to uphold a fair trial. The local ecclesiastical courts report to the Supreme Court once a year.

The person concerned in the case may appeal to the Supreme Court if he believes that the court's decision was improper. The Supreme Court has the power to order a new hearing by the Diocesan Court, or to have it heard directly by the Supreme Court.

If there is an opinion about the administrative system of the church, it can also be appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the Holy See is also the highest court of the Vatican State. The Holy Wheel Court - Like the Supreme Court, it is also a court of appeal.

It hears appeals against administrative penalties for violations of canon statutes and also deals with disputes between the Congregations. Catholics can also appeal to the Holy Wheel Court if they consider the decision of the parish court to be unfair.

However, the court usually deals with matrimonial disputes. In the event of a difficult issue, the Diocesan Court may consult the Court of the Holy Wheel.

The House of Sacred Pardons - not an open court. It mainly deals with issues related to conscience, such as granting excuse to applicants, granting grants, etc.

Both the Ecumenical Council and the Synod of Bishops are under the direct leadership and chairmanship of the Pope. The former was formed at the beginning of the Common Era, and has been convened 21 times so far.

The latter, established in 1965, meets every three years in plenary sessions and may convene ad hoc special sessions to discuss questions relating to the Catholic faith.

Congregation for the Theory of Faith (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) - formerly known as the Inquisition, which was renamed by King Paul VI in 1967. It is responsible for upholding faith and doctrine, prohibiting and sanctioning any speech and publication that violates the principles of faith and doctrine and canons.

Bishop's Department - responsible for the establishment of dioceses. Receive and study the reports of the dioceses. He oversees the Synod of Bishops, as well as the Latin American Commission and the Commission on Migration and Tourism.

The Department of Eastern Churches - deals with personnel and discipline issues within the Eastern Churches and seeks to improve relations with the Eastern Churches and other religions, especially ****** religions, together with the Secretariat for Christian Unity and the Secretariat for Non-Christians. The Sacramental Liturgy Department is responsible for enforcing the rules governing the sacraments and dealing with the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches.

Ministry of the Clergy (Ministry of the Clergy) - studies and deals with issues such as the training and life of the clergy in the dioceses.

Congregations and secular monasteries - These are two departments, the former is responsible for the establishment or dissolution of religious associations, and supervises the rules and discipline of religious communities.

The latter oversees the rules and regulations of the laity clergy who are not members of the order. Ministry's Evangelization Ministry—formerly known as the Ministry. Specialized in training and dispatching missionaries.

Organise and carry out missionary work in churches around the world, providing financial and spiritual support.

Department of Canonization of Saints - in charge of the process and procedures of canonization of saints, as well as the custody of the remains and relics of saints.

Ministry of Catholic Education - supervises the organization of Catholic universities and monasteries, including administration, guidelines, regulations, etc.

The Secretariat for Christian Unity was established in 1960 to coordinate relations among the various Christian churches and promote the unity of Christian denominations.

Non-Christian Secretariat - To establish contacts and dialogue between Christians and non-Christians.

Secretariat for the Aless-Believers - to study the background and ideas of atheism, to find common ground, and to engage in dialogue with the non-believers.

The Office of the Papal Court Administration - responsible for the management of the properties of the Holy See.

Secretariat of the Holy See - responsible for arranging the reception of visitors and visits by the Pope.

Central Statistical Department - responsible for collecting and collating information on the work of the Church and the clergy.

Archives of the Second Vatican Council.

Personnel Management Service - responsible for personnel matters in offices and other bodies within the Vatican.

The numerous committees are subject to change from time to time as society develops or needs. Some have been strengthened and enriched, and some have been turned into liaison or resource centers. By their very nature, they are subordinate to the corresponding parent body. (To be continued.) )