Speaking of demons and seven archangels, we have to mention the Bible here. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The Bible, also known as the Old and New Testaments, consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament consists of thirty-nine books, written in ancient Hebrew and compiled by rabbis on the basis of Jewish teachings. It contains the human history of Judea and its neighboring peoples from the 12th century BC to the 2nd century BC. The New Testament consists of 27 volumes.

The Old Testament, the Bible of Judaism, is inherited from Judaism by Christianity, but the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible are different and the bibliography is in a different order.

The Old Testament was followed by the Pentateuch of Moses, and the history books of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches were added in four volumes: The Biography of Tobaia, The Biography of Youdi, 1 Maccabel, and 2 Maccabe.

Secondly, the "Wisdom (Wisdom Book of Solomon)" and "Virtue Training" (Wisdom Book of Hirah) were added to the anthology. In addition, the Christian Old Testament, although also based on the Masula text, inherits the Greek Scriptures in order and ends with the prophets, unlike the Jewish tradition of ending with the Chronicles in the Tanakh.

At the same time, the Christian Old Testament includes the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint Septuagint, and other ancient texts in addition to the Masura. In addition, the Catholic and Orthodox Bibles include the Epistle of Jeremiah and the Esdr and Daniel, which are more than the Esther and Daniels. Around 380 AD, the early church reached an agreement on which books should be included in the Bible through a selection process.

The Jewish Bible, which conveys the theological belief that the Israelites returned to their homeland after exile in Babylon, fulfilled God's covenant with Abraham and later the kings of Israel. The Christian Old Testament, on the other hand, does not have a return as the main theme, but ends with the prophecy of judgment and the coming of the Messiah (i.e., Jesus).

This is because, in the eyes of Christianity, the coming of Jesus and the prophecy of John the Baptist were what the Old Testament had prepared. The third chapter of Malachi alludes to John the Baptist:

"And the Lord Almighty said, I will send my angels, and prepare the way before me. The Lord you seek will suddenly enter into his temple. The messenger of the covenant, whom you admire, is coming. ”

The Bible is also a masterpiece of historiography, the primary basis for examining the history of the Hebrew people, ancient Judaism, and the development of early Christianity.

It is with the help of the historiographical information contained in it that researchers have sketched a fairly clear historical picture: around the turn of the 3rd or 2nd millennium B.C., or shortly thereafter, Abraham, the first patriarch of the Jews, migrated with his family to Canaan to open the curtain on the history of the Hebrew people.

After that, through the migration of the patriarchs of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the exodus of Moses from Egypt, the capture of Canaan by Joshua and the reign of the judges, the establishment of a unified kingdom by Saul, David, and Solomon, the separation and fall of the North and the South, the period of captivity in Babylon and the return to their homeland and the restoration of their homeland, and the period of resistance to religious persecution and political oppression by the Hellenistic state and the Roman Empire, this disastrous and indomitable people were finally expelled from their homeland in Palestine in the first and second centuries C.E. Forced to wander all over the world.

And when the Jewish people were in the midst of the tragedy of their homeland, in the thirties of the first century C.E., Christianity, founded by Jesus of Nazareth, was born from its Jewish mother.

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Since the mid-thirties of the first century, Jesus' disciples have established a church in Jerusalem and have continued to preach the gospel throughout the vast areas of West Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe.

And when we talk about the Bible, we first think of the person Jesus, Jehovah.

Jesus of Nazareth was born from about the fourth century B.C.E. to the 29th or 30th century C.E. in Bethlehem, a small city near Jerusalem (historically known as the City of David).

Jesus was born of the virgin Mary. Jesus is the central figure and leader of Christianity. Jesus was crucified, either in 29 A.D. or in 30 C.E.

The word "Christ" is of Greek origin and is a title that means a person chosen by providence. The biblical word "Christ" is synonymous with the Hebrew word for "Messiah."

Little is known about Jesus' childhood and teenage years. Around 28 C.E., his life was intertwined with the work of John the Baptist.

John was a grumpy prophet-preacher. He came from the wilderness and called people to repentance and baptism. He was a man of reason, and was soon imprisoned and beheaded by King Herod, the feudal king of the Roman Empire and the puppet ruler of Galilee.

When Jesus heard John's preaching, he went with the crowd to baptize in the Jordan River. Immediately after His baptism, Jesus went into the wilderness to pray, meditate, and meditate.

The Gospels report that he was tempted by Satan (the devil) in the wilderness to test what kind of crowd Jesus wanted to be:

1. A man of God who performs miracles;

2. Benefactor who meets the needs of the public;

3. The king who holds great power.

Jesus chose a more difficult and less popular mission—the messenger of the kingdom of God.

Jesus returned from the wilderness and began his ministry in Galilee. His original propaganda is similar to what John the Baptist said:

"When the time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is near, repent, and believe the gospel."

He exhorted people not to dwell on the past, and that God was going to overthrow the old system and the old way of life in order to achieve an infinitely better and new future. Jesus recruited twelve disciples to follow him.

Shortly after Peter recognized Jesus as the Messiah, Jesus took his disciples to Jerusalem.

One Sunday, surrounded by disciples and a crowd, he entered the city. The next day, Jesus entered the temple and drove out the money changers and the sacrificial doves, rebuking them for turning the "house of prayer of the nations" into a "den of thieves."

This was a head-on to the small group of priests who managed the temple, and they were extremely annoyed. In the days that followed, Jesus had a great debate with the priests and those with religious authority. Those people were so angry that they plotted to get rid of Jesus.

On Thursday night, Jesus had a supper with his disciples (this meal has now been re-established by Christians as the "Last Supper," "Mass," or "Holy Supper").

After dinner, Jesus came to the Garden of Gethsemane and prayed alone. His prayer shows that he had a premonition that a struggle was inevitable, that he still wanted to be spared, but that he would rather do God's will.

At this time, one of the disciples, Judas Iscariot, came to the garden with a group of priests and temple guards and captured Jesus.

That night, they brought Jesus to the Temple Court, the Jewish Supreme Court and Council, for trial. According to research, the trial was illegal, but the council declared Jesus a blasphemer and deserved to be punished with death.

Since only the Roman lords had the power to execute, the chief priests handed Jesus over to Pilate, the Roman governor over Judea.

Pilate was obviously reluctant to condemn Jesus, as he was questionable whether he had violated Roman law, but as the head of the conquered provinces, he was deeply afraid that the mass movement might lead to rebellion, and he preferred to make friends with the religious leaders of the conquered peoples, while Jesus advocated obedience to God and made himself the King and Savior of the Jews, which was a fierce affront to traditional conventions and constituted a threat to the Jewish Council.

At the urging of the Jewish scribes and Pharisees, Pilate commanded Jesus to be crucified. Roman soldiers whipped him, put a crown of thorns on his head, mocked him as an impostor king, and then took him to various mountains ("Calvary") to be put to death as a rebel.

Pilate ordered a sign to be placed on his head that read: "King of the Jews." Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing." "Jesus was buried in a cavernous tomb.

On Sunday morning (now known as Easter), according to the Gospels, Jesus was resurrected and met with His disciples.

In fact, the Bible is a work with very distinct religious themes and ideas, and it has the cultural personality of the Jewish people.

Through the description of some typical biographies, it emphasizes the relationship between God and man's covenant, and puts forward the concept that people will be blessed if they keep their covenants, and they will be punished if they break their covenants.

This theme has laid an overall aesthetic direction and cognitive orientation for the interpretation of the Bible, and reflects the author's grasp of the typicality and artistry of the materials selected in the creation.

Influenced by this theme, the author uses artistic techniques such as imagination, exaggeration, and psychological description to select events and organize biographical plots in a thoughtful way when creating biblical characters, and the explanation of the cause and effect of events is also included in the same theme, resulting in a neglect of the moral and ethical level of the characters and more emphasis on whether the characters are loyal to Jehovah.

In David's biography, his seizure of Sheba and the killing of Uriah are grossly unethical, but because he remained faithful to Jehovah's covenant, the Old Testament writer did not criticize the image too much, but affirmed his repentance in a positive way, and Jehovah blessed him while he was alive.

There are also many characters in the Old Testament who brutally killed their enemies in wars with foreign races or in battles with apostasants, such as the sons of Jacob who killed the inhabitants of Shechem to avenge their sister.

Moses and the Levites killed the Israelites who were worshipping the golden calf in order to uphold Jehovah's authority, and so on.

This is undoubtedly inhumane by contemporary moral standards, but the Bible affirms it, praising their devotion to dignity and religion.

In this regard, the reader should take into account the theme of the Bible's writing, and interpret it from the standpoint of Jewish historical and cultural values, so as to grasp the existence of the author's voice.

The Bible has always been conceived as a record of God's Word, in which characters are placed under the aura of God, whose fate is controlled by God, and man becomes God's servant.

But from a biographical point of view, the Bible is not a one-man show of God, as theologians claim. The relationship between God and characters is dialectical and two-way, on the other side of man's devotion to God and devout belief in God, man's rebellion against fate, man's initiative to get closer to God, man's desire for independence, man's struggle with man, and man's contradiction between man and self have all been vividly reflected.

David is the fullest and most successful one in the Old Testament, and the biographical information about him is in books such as "Samuel" and "Chronicles", which vividly and vividly create a complete, complex and vivid literary image in 10,000 words, giving people a sense of reality and aesthetic feeling, carefully savoring, and a far-reaching aftertaste.

He had both the excellent qualities and complex character of a statesman and a king, brave and good at war, and governed the country well, but neglected to discipline his children, which led to tragedy; He was merciful and generous, repaid his grievances with virtue, and on several occasions spared Saul, who wanted to put him to death, but he was also insidious and cunning, and when he was dying, he told Solomon to get rid of Shimei and others, who were disrespectful to him.

He was devout to God, based on faith, and always based on the will of the Lord, but he also committed a felony by occupying Bathsheba because of his personal **** and brutally killing Uriah. At the same time, he is a loving and touching father who, despite Absalom's rebellion, hears of his death and reveals his true feelings, recreating the father figure of a beloved son.

If we re-read the Bible from a biographical perspective and write it from the perspective of a character that is more complete and closer to human life, we can see the abundance and vitality of human nature in the shadow of God.

Human beings are no longer puppets at the mercy of the gods, and every choice they make, whether wrong or right, has the courage to take responsibility and relentlessly hold their heads high for survival in the wilderness and ruins.

The Jews, as the elect at the intersection of man and God, bear the greatest gifts of God and the greatest suffering, and they are the condensation of the destiny of the entire human race. The life experiences of biblical characters are written in the form of individual examples that reflect the entire history of nations and human beings.

The Bible is written in the form of a biography, not only writing the history of the development of the Jewish nation and the formation of Christian thought, but also going deep into the depths of the human soul, writing a history of the development and evolution of the human soul and exploring the human heart. The Bible thus adds emotional power and aesthetic human implications.

The Old Testament records the history of the Jewish nation from its national origin to the period of the Great Diaspora, and preserves a large number of precious historical materials, national cultural customs, and regulations.

In addition to a large number of social and historical materials, the "Old Testament" really shows the life deeds of more than 300 characters, creating a vivid image of the characters.

Among them are heroes and prophets with mythological and epic characteristics, national leaders, kings, prophets, etc., based on historical records, and many anonymous ordinary people.

"The Legend of the Three Kings" vividly shows the most glorious kingdom era in Jewish history through the lives of the three kings Saul, David and Solomon, and shows the changing political situation in the court with the intricate relationship between King David and the people around him.

The narrative of the Old Testament of the Bible selects representative historical events and scenes as biographical facts, and uses the lives of the characters as the clues of historical narratives, while creating hundreds of characters with distinct images and outstanding personalities.

As one of the sources of Western literature, these characters and their stories have become the nourishment of the entire Western literary and artistic creation, giving birth to a large number of works of art based on them.

In the Bible, the author generally describes the tribe from which the person appears and whose ancestors he or she is. In the end, he often explains his ending and how old he lived.

In the case of Samuel, the author describes his father's family, "There was a man of Ephraim in the hill country of Ephraim of Zophi, whose name was Elikanah, the great-grandson of Sophus, the great-grandson of Tohu, the grandson of Elihu, and the son of Jeroham.

He had two wives: a Hannah and a Peninah." The author then describes Samuel's birth, childhood, and calling, and his life story bridges the two periods of the transition from Jewish clan society to monarchy, in which Samuel played a decisive role in this important historical change.

The death of Samuel is mentioned in 1 Samuel 28:3, "When Samuel was dead, the Israelites wept for him and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city." In this way, the life of the character is relatively complete.

There are many people in the Bible who have more complete biographical information, from the ancestors Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, the heroes Moses and Samuel, the king Solomon, and John and Jesus in the New Testament.

Other major figures, such as Saul and David, are not explicitly stated, but they are fully described from early childhood, youth, and old age to the events of important periods in their lives.

The biographies of Elijah, Isaiah, Elisha, and Jeremiah among the prophets, as well as some minor figures such as Sarai, Rebekah, Aaron, and Absalom, are also relatively complete. For characters whose lives are not fully explained, the author selects typical fragments to shape the personality traits of the characters.

For example, in the story of Samson the Judge, the author mainly selects his conflict with the non-Lux, his relationship with Delilah, and the eventual overthrow of the temple pillar and his death with the enemy, which strongly highlights his brave and impulsive personality.

Even characters who appear only once in the Bible are able to capture the typicality of their personalities and create a distinct image. For example, in the story of Solomon's case, the mother of the baby would rather give up her mother's qualifications to protect her child's life, and the great maternal love and affection are touching.

There are not a few such biblical figures, and it is precisely for this reason that the Bible can engrave the true images and great achievements of the great figures and outstanding heroes in the history and reality of its own nation and country on the gallery of characters of its own nation and engrave it in the hearts of hundreds of millions of people, thus constituting an immortal symbol of the national spirit and becoming a precious spiritual wealth of the nation.

The narrative of the Bible uses a variety of literary techniques, including a large number of rhetorical techniques such as metaphor, imagery, exaggeration, dialogue, and satire, as well as the use of myths, legends, poems, prophecies, ballads, riddles, and other forms, which play an important role in shaping characters, constructing wonderful storylines, and creating social backgrounds.

In addition, when writing a biography of the same character, due to the different perspectives of the writer's observation of life, different values and aesthetic methods, it will lead to different selection and layout standards of factual materials in actual creation, resulting in different biographical narrative structures and artistic styles, and finally writing different biographers and personalities.

The Bible is a classic with "soul depth", and it is known as "spiritual literature" precisely because it is not a poor and boring tool used by Christians to carry out theological teaching, nor is it just a simple record of the history of the Hebrew nation.

Although the Bible has an absolute theocratic overtone in its overall compilation, reflecting the historical concept that God's will will govern the history of the Bible, under the halo of Almighty God, "man" stands up as an independent and full individual image, allowing the Bible to see the existence of human beings and the truth and integrity of human nature. (To be continued.) )