[[[cp|w:250|h:190|a:c|u:/chapters/20162/13/36218716359099288905]]] out of Africa

On any planet, as long as the needs of life for information, energy, and materials are met, life can survive and reproduce!

In Africa 6 million years ago, in the savanna east of the Great Rift Valley, the drastic reduction in rainfall caused dense forests to disappear, and after the only leaves were eaten, the large arboreal apes had to come down from the trees to find another way to survive. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info Australopithecus crawled through the dense grass, their short stature barely seeing any potential danger, they could become prey to predators at any time, and even the target of similar attacks, an inconvenience that caused them to lose many family members in the process of evolution. In order to better cope with danger and find food, early humans slowly got up from the ground, very difficult to move forward, walking upright requires developed back muscles and leg muscles, which is very demanding for those arboreal apes who have just come to the ground, they are out of breath after walking for a while, they have to walk a trip to rest, but in the end they persevered, after thousands of years of evolution, they gradually learned to walk upright, this is Australopithecus, they are the first primates to walk upright, This is of great significance in the history of human evolution. Australopithecus did not change most of the traits of their ancestors, such as their small size, pronounced sexual dimorphism (males were on average 50% larger than females), small brain size, long arms and short legs. Australopithecus is largely a herbivore, and its incisors are much larger than those of humans, and its molars are also large.

Australopithecus walking on their feet, and their footsteps have traveled from Africa to the rest of the world, and there are many benefits to walking upright.

first

The higher point of view, the field of vision is wider, and the ability to see farther has greatly enhanced the ability of primitive humans to cope with dangerous situations and find food, such as seeing distant companions and predators in the grass, and preparing in advance.

second

The upper limbs were liberated and turned into arms, and the hands became more flexible, and primitive people were able to grasp things with both hands, such as food, cubs, which facilitated the later manufacture of tools.

third

Able to defend themselves against predator attacks, these australopithecus were freed from their upper limbs when they stood up, so that when the predator pounced, they were able to quickly pick up rocks and throw them at the predator's head.

fourth

Most importantly, walking upright creates a right angle between the mouth and the esophagus, which allows the vocal cords to produce a variety of sounds that convey different messages. In other animals, the mouth and esophagus are only convenient for eating in a line, and the sound produced is relatively simple, and it is impossible to convey complex information.

After the apes were able to convey information through different sounds, they also changed in morphology, contracted the mandible, formed a more complex language system, speech determines thinking, these complex languages continue to accumulate in the brain, the human brain capacity slowly increases, after millions of years of accumulation, slowly bulges the skull, the ancient apes become more and more intelligent, and the first fulcrum of human beings in the history of evolution - information is solved.

Although primitive people learned to walk upright, they retained the ability to climb trees, which allowed them to avoid predators well. The next important fulcrum is the material, which is mainly stone tools. Stone is a natural tool within the reach of primitive man, and it is also the earliest tool used by primitive man, since then human beings have entered the Stone Age.

2.5 million years ago, the climate in tropical Africa deteriorated, and ice ages hit from the Northern Hemisphere. As the climate became more and more arid, the original savannah began to gradually turn into a shrub savannah, and most of the australopithecus disappeared. Some groups of Australopithecus used their ingenuity to invent some successful defensive skills to survive. At first, they only threw stones, and when they encountered predators and predators, they used stones as weapons, and after a long time, they found that broken stones could cut fingers, and sharp fractures were also effective in cutting animal fur and finding plant grass stems, and since then humans have entered the Paleolithic Age, that is, the age of stone tools. These hominids also repaired wood with stones and were able to use primitive weapons made of wood or other plant materials. The descendants of these australopithecus survived and thrived, moving from arboreal bipedal walking to terrestrial living and bipedal walking.

From 2.5 million to 1.5 million years ago, one of the Australopithecus evolved into Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens are people who can make tools, and they are the earliest human animals. Capable people can make some rough stone tools, wooden tools, and be able to hunt with these simple tools. Walking upright freed the hands, which became the organ of labor, made movements more dexterous, and the technology of making tools improved. Later, after hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, Homo erectus was finally replaced by the new human - Homo erectus, and Homo erectus coexisted for a period of time.

As a result of learning to make stone tools and sharpen and scrape wood, the second fulcrum material problem for the survival and reproduction of life was solved, and the third fulcrum, the energy problem, was also solved in the era of Homo erectus.

Early humans were very afraid of fire, because it could bring disasters, burn forests, and burn many animals, including their own kind, and primitive people avoided fire. After the fire was extinguished, primitive humans returned to the forest to pick up charred animal carcasses to feed their hunger. They were amazed to find that the cooked food was much better than the raw ones they had eaten before, and driven by curiosity, some bold humans began to slowly approach the source of the fire, and gradually grasped the laws of fire burning. Most of the fires used by early humans were natural fires caused by lightning and fires caused by volcanoes. After thunder and lightning, once the fire is extinguished, people cannot use it, so people think about preserving the fire. In the beginning, people kept adding twigs and wood to keep the fire burning. Later, people gradually led the fire into the cave, kept the fire in a fixed place, and constantly added firewood, grass and trees to keep the fire from being extinguished. After a long period of exploration, people gradually piled stones on the side of the fire in order to better maintain the fire and also facilitate the barbecue of food, which is the prototype of the fire pit later. Fire is a necessary substance for human survival and a powerful means for human beings to transform nature. In the distant flood era, due to the use of fire, primitive people began to eat cooked food, cooked food is easy to digest, more nutritious, in the process of food being roasted, more than 200 new compounds will be produced, which greatly promotes the development of human physique, provides a sufficient nutritional basis for brain development!

Fire also brings warmth to humans, and it is human beings who can not only live in warm areas, but also extend to colder regions, and at the same time bring light, even in the dark night, with the light of fire, human beings are able to move freely. Primitive man also used fire to deal with predatory beasts, which greatly increased the ability of humans to attack and defend in nature. The use of fire allowed primitive man to gain new knowledge, new power, and was of decisive progressive significance in the process of human development!

About 2 million to 200,000 years ago, Homo erectus first appeared in Africa, also known as late ape-man, and the stone tools made were also relatively diverse, including chopping tools, scrapers and other styles. The most important thing is that Homo erectus has learned how to use fire and how to preserve it for a long time. Beginning to use symbols and a basic language of life, Homo erectus was able to make and use more elaborate tools. About 1 million years ago, the Earth entered an ice age, and as the population increased and Africa began to become grassland, Homo erectus began to migrate around the world.

After the three major problems of information, energy, and materials are solved, there is no force that can stop the progress of mankind except for its own problems. Some Homo erectus crossed the Eurasian continent into Europe, and evolved Heidelberg Man in Europe about 600,000 years ago, and Heidelberg Man evolved Neanderthal about 300,000 years ago, mainly in Europe and the Middle East. Neanderthals made more advanced tools, using beaten stone tools and polished stone tools, and humans entered the Mesolithic Age.

Another part of Homo erectus who reached Asia crossed the Himalayas into China, and this is Peking Man, also known as Peking Man. They live in naturally occurring caves, with a low forehead, a forward hairline, thick brow bones, a protruding mouth, a slightly tilted head, and a layer of fluffy fine hair, some like apes. But they are able to walk upright, and they move in a way that no other animal can do, and they already have the characteristics of a human being. Due to the harsh environment at that time, it was difficult for the people of Beijing to survive on their own. They live in groups of dozens of people, working together and sharing the fruits of their labor.

Early in the morning, they went to the fire at the entrance of the cave and checked whether the natural fires had not been extinguished, which were placed near the skylight, and were covered with dry firewood, which was covered with a layer of earth, and the fire had been smoldering under the soil for many years. After arranging the tinder, everyone began to finger draw to arrange the day's work. Sturdy men carry sticks and sharp stone or bone tools and go out in groups to hunt or fish for a day's sustenance. Young women go to the hillsides to gather wild vegetables and fruits, and the elderly are left at home to take care of their children, make tools, and more importantly, look after the fire to prevent it from going out. Fire was vital in the lives of primitive Pekingese, not only to cook food, ward off the cold, and provide light, but also to defend against attacks by predators.

During the day, the men carry javelins and look for prey, and once they find it, they surround it around cliffs or natural traps, while the new members watch and learn. The women are also collecting the rhizomes and fruits of wild plants, teaching the new members how to distinguish the toxicity of wild vegetables and fruits.

In the evening, the outgoing people returned to the cave where they lived, and most of them, except for some of their companions, who died tragically while hunting beasts. Experienced people took out the fire, picked up the soil, blew the flames, and began to make a fire with dry wood prepared in the cave.

As it darkened, all the Pekingese returned to their caves, where they carried the animals they had caught during the day to the entrance of the cave, and a group of people yelled excitedly around the animals. Each person held a stone tool with a sharp head in his hand, and the adults took a large sharp stone to peel off the skin, cut the flesh apart, and gathered around the fire to roast the meat with branches.

After eating, he began to make tools again, sometimes drawing casually or making ornaments such as jewelry, but food and clothing were more important, and most of the time was spent hunting and making tools. Before going to bed, keep the fire, add leaves and dry wood to it, cover it with soil, and let the fire burn under the soil. There is also a raging fire at the entrance of the cave, and the life safety of the Peking ape people is not guaranteed, they often hear the roar of fierce beasts at night, and even some fierce beasts are still wandering at the entrance of the cave, and they are scared away when they see the raging fire at the entrance of the cave.

This kind of life is not very common, and many times, Peking apes need to rely on wild vegetables and wild fruits to feed their hunger, and sometimes they have to go hungry, and their average life expectancy is only in their twenties during such difficult days. But they survived strongly, developed a certain ability to communicate in the language, learned to use fire and preserve natural fire for a long time, and also learned to make stone tools, and passed on the experience to future generations in a long period of joint labor, living in this area for hundreds of thousands of years.

About 200,000 years ago, a new breed of humans, Homo sapiens, from Africa, came out of Africa and expanded into the low and mid-latitude regions of Europe, Asia and Africa, which is the second time that humans have gone out of Africa, and they are called early Homo sapiens. Early Homo sapiens and Homo erectus everywhere coexisted for some time. The grandmother of mankind was also born during this period, about 200,000 years ago, the grandmother of modern humans was born in Africa, and all people on the earth today are her descendants. 130,000 years ago, her descendants left Africa and came to Eurasia. And from Asia to Europe, and then to the Americas! These human beings inherited the excellent genes of their predecessors, their brain capacity became larger, they used fire to keep out the cold, made clothes out of leaves and animal skins, and gradually got rid of their dependence on body hair, coupled with the selection of cultural factors, and finally evolved into a human group without physical features, forming the form of modern humans.

In order to survive in the treacherous and difficult primitive natural environment, the only choice of ancient humans was to rely on the collective group potential and the social grouping of co-habitat, and the formation of the concept of social grouping of ancient humans promoted the development of language and information communication ability, thus spontaneously creating the unique text information symbols and text information exchange relations unique to the regionalized human population, and the establishment of the text information communication mode made the group regionalization of primitive humans to be established and have the concept of clan.

In the competition with Late Homo sapiens, Homo erectus and Early Homo sapiens, who were not intellectually and culturally dominant, gradually fell behind, and they lived with Late Homo sapiens until 100,000 years ago. While humanity is thriving on Earth, an extraterrestrial catastrophe is coming, in which many races are affected, some are slaughtered, some are expelled, and the vast majority of them are extinct in this catastrophe.

"And that kind of thing?" After listening to Lan Xingyi's story, the old horse head Xingtian couldn't help but ask.

"Well, that's what the inside of the crystal skull says!" Lan Xingyi replied cautiously.

"What was that extraterrestrial disaster?" Meng Kong asked curiously on the side.

"I don't know, I haven't translated it yet, because prime numbers are really not easy to calculate!"

"Well, I'll ask the scientists of our planet to help screen and make a table of prime numbers as soon as possible! Even a prime number formula was introduced! Xingtian said with confidence.

"Okay, I'll hurry up and translate some of it, and see if there is any other way to find a way to decipher it, and I'll tell you about the translated content next time!" Lan Xingyi stopped talking, the light of the crystal ball became dimmer and dimmer, and the objects inside became more and more blurred, the crater was gone, and the monsters of all sizes disappeared, leaving only the darkness inside the house. Lan Xingyi held the crystal ball and closed her eyes for a while, and the crystal ball suddenly flew up until it reached the holy grail at the top of the pyramid.